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An introduction

An introduction. Claudio Pellegrini. Looking at the universe. Our five senses give us information of the world, helping to get the food we need, survive, acquire knowledge and avoid superstition, and hopefully have a pleasant and productive life. Vision is a most important sense.

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An introduction

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  1. An introduction Claudio Pellegrini SLAC, July 22, 2013

  2. Looking at the universe • Our five senses give us information of the world, helping to get the food we need, survive, acquire knowledge and avoid superstition, and hopefully have a pleasant and productive life. • Vision is a most important sense. • With our eyes we can see macroscopic objects, near or not too far from us, with a space and time resolution of about 0.1 mm, 0.1 sec and using visible light, a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum . These limitations defines how much of the world we can or cannot know, we can see the planets but not their satellites, a flea but not a bacterium. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  3. An improved vision sense • In the first quarter of the 17th century, with the development of the telescope and the microscope, we started seeing things not seen before. Galileo saw and studied the satellites of Jupiter, the surface of the Moon, the many stars of the Milky Way. • We could now see far away objects, still using visible light. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  4. The beginning of microscopy Ten to fifteen years after the first telescopic observation, using an inverted telescope Stelluti started looking at what is too small to see with the naked eye. The earliest records of microscopic observations, mostly of a bee, date from 1625 and 1630 and were the work of Francesco Stelluti (1577-1653). They were published in Stelluti'sApiariumby the AccademiadeiLincei, in Rome.

  5. Hooke Microscopic Studies The microscope developed rapidly. Robert Hooke (1635-1703 ), in London, published his studies in Micrographia, his most well known work, in 1665. Hooke’s himself made the beautiful drawings from his observations. The book was published by the Royal Society. The space resolution improved, but not the time resolution or the radiation wavelengths used. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  6. Another kind of light: X-rays On 8 November 1895, Roentgen was working in his lab, studying the properties of a cardboard-shrouded electrical discharge tube. He was surprised to see that when the tube was operated, an object across the room began to glow. He gave the name “X-rays” to the invisible, mysterious and unknown agent. Roentgen won the first Nobel prize in physics in 1901. He did not take any patent on X-rays and their applications. 12/22/1985 Frau Roentgen’s Hand. Dental X-ray, 2010 Space-time resolution ~0.1 mm, 0.1s 6 SLAC, July 22, 2013

  7. Another kind of light: lasers NIF at LLNL, the largest laser: ~2MJ of infrared light, ~ 1 μmwavlength in tens of ns, 192 beams in a three-story high building the size of 3 football fields. First ruby laser, 1960, Maiman Hughes Laboratory in Malibu, California, ~0.7 μm, 3 ms pulse duration. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  8. Bella at LBNL Bella at LBNL, 1 PW, 40 fs, Ti:sapphire.0.8 μm. This laser has been built to study particle acceleration, generation of X-rays, the interactions of electron and particle beams. Lasers can reach the fs time scale at visible wavelength with coherence and very high peak power SLAC, July 22, 2013

  9. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  10. To study atomic and molecular phenomena at their characteristic space and time scale, 1 Å, 1 fs we need an X-ray laser. Normal visible or near visible lasers use population inversion of electronic energy level in atoms at the 1-100 eV level, as can be done in Ti:sapphire or other crystals. An X-ray laser cannot be based on the excitation of electron energy level in atoms at the 1000-10,000 eV level, L and K electron band, but must use a different principle. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  11. X-ray Free-electron laser:1992-2013 LCLS, 1.5 Å, 4/2009, 1-3 mJ, few to 100 fs pulse duration, tens of GW of peak power, coherent X-rays. Flash: 4.45 nm, 0.3 mJ, 6/2010 New projects: XFEL (2014), LCLS-II, Swiss X-FEL, Shangai, Korea, NGLS …. Fermi@Elettra, 43nm,12/2010 SACLA, 0.8 Å, 6/2011 September 7, 2011 C. Pellegrini, H. Winick Symposium

  12. t= t=0 Aluminum plasma classical plasma G =1 G =10 dense plasma G =100 high density matter 1 - 4 - 2 2 4 10 10 10 10 Density (g/cm-3) A research program with X-ray FELs Femtochemistry Nanoscale Dynamics inCondensed matter Atomic Physics Plasma and Warm Dense Matter, matter under extreme conditions Structural Studies on Single Particles and Biomolecules FEL Science/Technology • SLAC-PUB-611 Program developed by international team of scientists working with accelerator and laser physics communities “the beginning.... not the end” 12 SLAC, July 22, 2013

  13. Natively Inhibited TrypanosomabruceiCathepsinB Structure Determined by Using an X-ray Laser, L. Redecke et al. Science 339, 227 (2013) The Trypanosomabrucei cysteine protease cathepsin B (TbCatB), which is involved in host protein degradation, is a promising target to develop new treatments against sleeping sickness, a fatal disease caused by this protozoan parasite. … By combining two recent innovations, in vivo crystallization and serial femtosecond crystallography, we obtained the room-temperature 2.1 angstrom resolution structure of the fully glycosylated precursor complex of TbCatB. The structure reveals the mechanism of native TbCatBinhibition and demonstrates that new biomolecular information can be obtained by the “diffraction-before-destruction” approach of x-ray free-electron lasers from hundreds of thousands of individual microcrystals. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  14. From the 17th century to today the space and time resolution of our “eyes” improved from 10-4 mm and 0.1 s to 10-10 m and 10-15 s, quite remarkable. We can see much more of the world and learn much more about it. SLAC, July 22, 2013

  15. Conclusions Understanding and developing the physics of electron and photon beams to generate short wavelength, coherent radiation with femtosecond long pulses and high peak power leads to new and unique ways to explore matter at the atomic and molecular level and acquire new knowledge. It will allow us to study the structure and dynamics of matter in non-crystalline state and far from equilibrium, the dynamics of chemical reactions at the femtosecond level, the functions of biological systems, the state of matter inside stars. It is a fast growing and exciting field. I wish you a good and productive week SLAC, July 22, 2013

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