ECE 331 – Digital System Design

1. State Reduction and State Assignment (Lecture #22) ECE 331 – Digital System Design The slides included herein were taken from the materials accompanying Fundamentals of Logic Design, 6th Edition, by Roth and Kinney, and were used with permission from Cengage Learning.

2. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Chapter 15: Sections 1 – 9 Material to be covered …

3. ECE 331 - Digital Systems Design Sequential Circuit Design • Understand specifications • Draw state graph (to describe state machine behavior) • Construct state table (from state graph) • Perform state minimization (if necessary) • Encode states (aka. state assignment) • Create state-assigned table • Select type of Flip-Flop to use • Determine Flip-Flop input equations and FSM output equation(s) • Draw logic diagram

4. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Elimination of Redundant States

5. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Elimination of Redundant States In Unit 14, we were careful to avoid introducing unnecessary states when setting up a state graph or table. We will now approach the problem of deriving the state graph somewhat differently. When first setting up the state table, we will not be overly concerned with inclusion of extra states, and when the table is complete, we will eliminate any redundant states. We will rework Example 1 in Section 14.3 using excess states, and then eliminate the excess states.

6. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Sequence Detector A sequential circuit has one input (X) and one output (Z). The circuit examines groups of four consecutive inputs and produces an output Z = 1 if the input sequence 0101 or 1001 occurs. The circuit resets after every four inputs. Find a Mealy state graph. A typical input and output sequence is:

7. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Sequence Detector State Table

8. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Sequence Detector Since states H and I have the same next states and the same outputs, there is no way of telling states H and I apart. We can replace I with H.

9. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Sequence Detector Reduced State Table

10. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Sequence Detector Reduced State Graph

12. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Determination of Equivalent States a ≡ b iff d ≡ f and c ≡ h a ≡ d iff a ≡ d and c ≡ e

13. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Implication Chart

14. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Implication Chart After first pass.

15. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Implication Chart After second pass.

16. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Implication Table Method 3. Go through the table square-by-square. If square i-j contains the implied pair m-n, and square m-n contains an X, then i j, and an X should be placed in square i-j. 4. If any X’s were added in step 3, repeat step 3 until no more X’s are added. 5. For each square i-j which does not contain an X, i ≡ j.

17. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Future site of another example.

18. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Derivation of FF Input Equations

19. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Derivation of FF Input Equations After the number of states in a state table has been reduced, the following procedure can be used to derive the flip-flop input equations: • Assign flip-flop state values to correspond to the states in the reduced table. • Construct a transition table which gives the next states of the flip-flops as a function of the present states and inputs. • Derive the next-state maps from the transition table. • Find flip-flop input maps from the next-state maps using the techniques developed in Unit 12 and find the flip-flop input equations from the maps.

20. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example #1: FF Input Equations Assign flip-flop state values to correspond to the states in the reduced table. Construct a transition table which gives the next states of the flip-flops as a function of the present states and inputs.

21. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example #1: FF Input Equations 3. Derive the next-state maps from the transition table. D FF Characteristic Equation: Q+ = D

22. Example #1: FF Input Equations 4. Derive the flip-flop input maps from the next-state maps; determine the flip-flop input equations from the FF input maps. JK Excitation Table

23. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example #2: FF Input Equations Assign flip-flop state values to correspond to the states in the reduced table. Construct a transition table which gives the next states of the flip-flops as a function of the present states and inputs.

24. Example #2: FF Input Equations 3. Derive the next-state maps from the transition table. D FF Characteristic Equation: Q+ = D

25. Example #2: FF Input Equations 4. Derive the flip-flop input maps from the next-state maps; determine the flip-flop input equations from the FF input maps. SR Excitation Table

26. ECE 331 - Digital System Design State Assignment

27. ECE 331 - Digital System Design State Assignments After the number of states in a state table has been reduced, the next step in realizing the transition table (aka. state-assigned table) is to assign flip-flop states (i.e. binary values) to correspond to the states in the state table. The cost of the logic required to realize a sequential circuit is strongly dependent on the way this state assignment is made.

28. ECE 331 - Digital System Design State Assignments Given a sequential circuit with three states and two flip-flops (A and B), there are 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 possible state assignments for the three states.

29. ECE 331 - Digital System Design State Assignments When realizing a three-state sequential circuit with symmetrical flip-flops (i.e. JK or SR), it is only necessary to try three different states to be assured of a minimum cost realization. Similarly, only three different assignments must be tried for four states.

30. ECE 331 - Digital System Design State Assignments

31. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Guidelines for State Assignment Trying all nonequivalent state assignments is not practical in most cases. The following guidelines are useful in making assignments which will place 1’s (or 0's) together in the next-state maps: States which have the same next state for a given input should be given adjacent assignments. States which are the next states of the same state should be given adjacent assignments. States which have the same output for a given input should be given adjacent assignments.

32. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Selecting an Assignment States which have the same next state for a given input should be given adjacent assignments. States which are the next states of the same state should be given adjacent assignments. States which have the same output for a given input should be given adjacent assignments.

33. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Selecting an Assignment Based on the State Assignment Guidelines: 1. (b, d) (c, f) (b, e) 2. (a, c) (d, f) (b, d) (b, f) (c, e) 3. (a, c) (b, d) (e, f)

34. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Selecting an Assignment Resulting Transition Table:

35. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: Selecting an Assignment Derivation of FF input equations from next-state maps:

36. ECE 331 - Digital System Design One-Hot State Assignment Sometimes reducing the number of flip-flops used is not as important as reducing the logic feeding into the flip-flops. Using a one-hot state assignment may help accomplish this. The one-hot assignment uses one flip-flop for each state, so a state machine with N states requires N flip-flops. Exactly one of the flip-flops is set to one in each state.

37. ECE 331 - Digital System Design Example: State Assignments For a four-state FSM, three possible state assignments are: