Unit II: Population Chapters 2,3

1. Unit II: PopulationChapters 2,3

2. An understanding of the ways in which the human population is organized geographically provides AP students with the tools they need to make sense of cultural, political, economic and urban systems. Thus, many of the concepts and theories encountered in this part of the course crosscut with other course modules. In addition, the course themes of scale, pattern, place, and interdependence can all be illustrated with population topics. For example, students may analyze the distribution of the human population at different scales: global, continental, national, state or province, and local community. Explanations of why population is growing or declining in some places and not others center on understanding the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration. In stressing the relevance of place context, for example, students may assess why fertility rates have dropped in some parts of the developing world but not in others, and how age–sex structures vary from one country to another. Analysis of refugee flows, immigration, internal migration, and residential mobility helps students appreciate the interconnections between population phenomena and other topics. Environmental degradation may prompt rapid out-migration and urbanization, in turn creating new pressures on the environment. Refugee flows may be magnified when groups have no access to political power because of the way boundaries have been drawn. Rapid immigration to certain parts of the world fosters regional differences in industrial employment and political sentiment toward foreigners. This part of the course also aids in our critical understanding of contemporary population trends by considering how models of population growth and decline, including Malthusian theory, the demographic and the epidemiological (mortality) transitions, change. Given these kinds of understandings, students are in a position to evaluate the role, strengths, and weaknesses of major population policies. For example, how might increasing the education levels of females lead to lower fertility?

3. II. Population 13–17% A. Geographical analysis of population 1. Density, distribution, and scale 2. Implications of various densities and distributions 3. Patterns of composition: age, sex, race, and ethnicity 4. Population and natural hazards: past, present, and future B. Population growth and decline over time and space 1. Historical trends and projections for the future 2. Theories of population growth, including the Demographic Transition Model 3. Patterns of fertility, mortality, and health 4. Regional variations of demographic transitions 5. Effects of population policies C. Population movement 1. Migration selectivity 2. Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales 3. Theories of migration, including push and pull factors, human capital, and life course 4. International migration and refugees 5. Socioeconomic consequences of migration

4. Activator: Where are the Children now? Read pages 34-36 and answer the following questions . What does the author describe as the main difference between Bordeaux and Subsaharan Africa? What does the total fertility rate (TFR) need to be in order to keep a population stable? What does the TFR report?___________________________________________________ What was Kenya’s TFR in the 1980’s? ______________________________________ What is currently significant about Bologna’s TFR? Why are women having fewer children? a. __________________________ d. _________________________ g. ___________________ b. __________________________ e. _________________________ c. __________________________ f. _________________________ What are major concerns with an aging population and what are some ways society must adjust?  What is a major reason for falling TFR rates? How are some governments throughout the world creatively trying increase population? Have they been successful?

5. Essential Question: Where in the World do People Live and Why?

6. A: Geographical analysis of population 1.Density, distribution, and scale Demography: study of population Geographers work with Demographers asking why demographic problems vary not only from region to region and country to country, but also within countries Population Density: measure of total population relative to land size Arithmetic Population Density: same as above, emphasizes contrasts between countries Formula: Total Population/Total Land Area = Population Density per sq. mi.

7. World Population Density 100 People Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=r6eTr4ldDYg#t=0s

8. Calculate the Population Density of the following Countries: Formula: Total Population/Total Land Area = Population Density per sq. mi.

9. Physiologic Population Density: number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land.aka: Real Population Density Formula: Total Population/Total Arable Land Area = Population Density per sq. mi. Which of the two gives a better indication as to how densely populated and area is? Physiologic

10. Physiologic Population Density – number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land (takes this map into account).

11. Most of the world measures in meters, therefore we should all know how to convert km to miles and miles to km. 1 kilometer = .62 miles Formula: set # of km X .62 miles = miles I.E. 5 km X .62 mi = 3.1 miles Convert the following kilometers to miles:

12. Physiologic Population Density Luxor, Egypt Egypt’s arable lands are along the Nile River Valley. Moving away from the river a few blocks, the land becomes sandy and wind-sculpted.

13. Population Distribution Descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups (depending on the scale) live. Dot Map of World Population – On this map, one dot represents 100,000 people Geographers represent population on dot maps, maps where one dot represents a certain number of population.

14. Populations are falling in some parts of the world. How will Figure 2.5 look different 50 years from now? If you were updating this textbook in 50 years, where would the largest population clusters in the world be?World Population Growth from 180 BC to present time to 2030. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8myUp2We2Lw&feature=player_detailpage

15. East Asia and Population • ¼ of world’s population is concentrated here • 1.3 billion people in China alone • China’s major cities: Shanghai and Beijing • Along the Yangtze River and Yellow River Valleys • Crops of wheat and rice Shanghai: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8mLfsoAY9A&feature=player_detailpage#t=1s Tokyo Japan http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=3G1w5ZkdI7E#t=0s

16. South Asia and Population • bound by the Himalayas and a desert in Pakistan • 1.5 billion people lie within India • People cluster along the Ganges and Indus River • Majority of the people are farmers • 141 million people in Bangladesh • Bangladesh is about the size of Iowa • 3000 – 5000 people per square mile in • Bangladesh compared to 30 people per square mile in Iowa. South Asia Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HwQDvu7aGc&feature=player_detailpage#t=1s

17. Europe • 728 million inhabitants • Population near coal fields even in • mountainous, rugged regions • population is concentrated in cities • Germany – 89% urban • United Kingdom – 89% urban • France – 74% urban • Note: 4 billion of 7 billion people on Earth are concentrated in East Asia, South Asia and Europe European Cities: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ploh34OArH4&feature=player_detailpage

18. North America • BOSWASH – area from Boston to Washington D.C. • Includes New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore • 20% of the U.S. population • Megalopolis – huge urban agglomeration New York Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=0UjsXo9l6I8#t=0s

19. Essential Question: Why do Populations Rise or Fall in Particular Places?

20. Guns, Germs and Steel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyRa5P6xVo8&feature=player_detailpage#t=153s Guns, Germs, and Steel Video Questions Episode 1 1. Jared Diamond has a theory about what causes huge discrepancies among different countries, and he says it boils down to geographic luck. a. What was great about the “Fertile Crescent”? b. Why do the people in New Guinea struggle to strive (what holds them back)? 2. How are people domesticating crops to get bigger, tastier yields? 3. According to Diamond, livestock also play a huge role in a civilization’s ability to become rich and powerful. How did the domestication of animals help people? Give examples: a. b. c. 4. List 4 of the animals that have been domesticated What do they have in common? a. b. c. d. 5. How did the ability to domesticate animals help a civilization’s ability to become rich and powerful? a. b. 6. What happened to the “Fertile Crescent” over time? What caused this?

21. A Population Bomb? Paul Ehrlich • publication of The Population Bomb in the 1960’s • warned the world’s population was increasing too quickly and outpacing food production Paul Ehrlich Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=6M73SFtZxy0 Thomas Malthus • British Economist • 1798 published An Essay on the Principles of Population • Food supplies grow linearly and population grew exponentially • Assumed food production is confined spatially and linearly. • Malthus did not foresee Globalization and thus his assumptions were proved false in regards to spatiality

23. Mercantilism, colonialism and capitalism brought interaction among the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. Mechanization of agriculture, improved strains of seed are developed and more fertilizers are used. Bioengineering continues to bring hybrids, genetically modified organisms and countless herbicides and pesticides.

24. Population Growth at World, Regional, National and Local Scales Population change in one place can be affected rapidly by what is going on in another country. Lost Boy video: (stop @2:06)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtP-zfxMFlE&feature=player_detailpage#t=1s • Calculating Demographic change within a territory • Immigration and Birth – Emigration and death = demographic change • The replacement TFR level is 2.1 • Doubling Time – every rate of growth has a doubling time , or the amount of time it takes a number to double. • 250 million, two thousand years ago to 500 million in 1650 • From 1650 to 1820 (170 years), population doubled to 1 billion. • 1 billion grew to 2 billion by 1930 • 2 billion grew to 4 billion by 1975 (45 years)

25. Rate of natural increase (does not take into account immigration and emigration).

26. Today, the pace of world population growth is slowing. Where have Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) fallen below replacement level and why? (p. 45)

27. Population Growth in India • Significant demographic variations occur within countries. • In India, growth rates are higher in the east and northeast.

28. Why do Growth Rates Vary in India? • 1960s population planning program • 1970s country began forced sterilization program for men with 3 or more children. • 22.5 million men were sterilized. • 2004 state of Uttar Pradesh began guns for sterilization program. • Today, most states use advertising and persuasion to lower birth rates.

29. Maharashtra, India. A sign reads “free family planning sterlization operation” closed in 1996.

30. The Demographic Transition in Great Britain • Studied the change in birth rates, death rates, and natural growth rates over the course of British industrialization. • Found a transition occurred when death rates decline and then birth rates decline, resulting in a low or sustained growth rate.

31. World Birth Rate – number of births in a year per 1,000 people.

32. World Mortality Rate – number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people.

33. The Demographic Transition

34. The Demographic Transition • Stage 1: Low Growth • Stage 2: High Growth • Stage 3: Moderate Growth • Stage 4: Low Growth or Stationary • Stationary population level (SPL)?

35. Examine Appendix B at the end of your textbook. Study the growth rate column. Which countries have the highest growth rates? Determine what stage of the demographic transition these countries are in, and hypothesize what may lead them to the next stage.

36. Essential Question: Why does Population Composition Matter?Too Many Men http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=w-xwd_affr4#t=0s

37. Population Composition Population Composition is concerned with: • Gender distribution • Age distribution within a country, region, or place.

38. Population Pyramids – Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For poorer countries, the chart is shaped like a pyramid. Infant mortality rates are high, life expectancy is shorter.

39. In poorer countries, Infant Mortality Rates are usually high, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.

40. In poorer countries, Life Expectancy is usually shorter, which is also reflected in the pyramid shape.

41. Affect of AIDS on population pyramid for South Africa. Predicted population for 2035, without and with AIDS. With AIDS, looks like a population “chimney.”

42. AIDS is leaving large numbers of AIDS orphans.

43. AIDS is creating large numbers of AIDS care-givers. Drawing by a Pokot boy in Kenya, the drawing shows him working in the fields and taking care of his family cattle in order to assist his sick family members.

44. Population Pyramids – Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. For wealthier countries, the chart is shaped like a lopsided vase. Population is aging, TFRs are declining.

45. Age Structure of a Population • The populations of many countries are aging. - eg. Europe - eg. Japan Bordeaux, France Photo credit: H.J. de Blij

46. Aging Populations • To replace the population, TFR must be 2.1. - TFR in Bologna, Italy is 0.8 - Why are women having fewer children? • What are the impacts of an aging population on a country? • What are the “solutions” to an aging population?

47. Longer Life Expectancies typically mean higher rates of chronic diseases.

48. In the United States, the national infant mortality rate (IMR) is 7.0. That number represents an average for the country. Think about the differences in IMR in the United States across regions, ethnicities, social classes, and other sectors.

49. Key Question: How do Governments Affect Population Change?

50. Government Population Policies • Expansive Population Policies - Encourages population growth. • Eugenic Population Policies - Favors one racial or cultural sector over others. • Restrictive Population Policies - range from toleration of unapproved birth control to outright prohibition of large families.