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Basic points

Basic points. Handouts Lectures + glossary of technical words Lectures listen carefully - grasp the concept technical words in blue Videos 1 hour American accent – try to comprehend outline to help you out Writing - Prof. Shishido main points of grammar pitfalls by Japanese students

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Basic points

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  1. Basic points • Handouts • Lectures + glossary of technical words • Lectures • listen carefully - grasp the concept • technical words in blue • Videos • 1 hour • American accent – try to comprehend • outline to help you out • Writing - Prof. Shishido • main points of grammar • pitfalls by Japanese students • 5-page essay 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  2. Reading • native English speaking science writers • 4-page handout one week before discussion • self-study during the week • discussion: Q & A • Goal • comprehend scientific English • be capable of describing scientific concepts in English http://www.h.chiba-u.jp/english/Education/H12001/ENS06.htm 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  3. Understanding the BiosphereL1 English in Natural Science 自然科学の英語 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  4. Our universe is filled with galaxies Each galaxy • is different from others • contains millions of stars 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  5. Our star, the Sun… Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System Each planet is different from others 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  6. Our planet, the Earth… Is unique in the Solar System… 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  7. …in that is the only planet with LIFE 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  8. Our universe is filled with galaxies • Each galaxy • is different from others • contains millions of stars Our star, the Sun… • Is one of the millions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy • Has 9 planets orbiting around…the Solar System • Each planet • is different from others Our planet, the Earth… • Is unique in the Solar System …in that is the only planet with LIFE 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  9. From the beginning… Earth was formed by aggregation of dust • Pressure produced heat that melted materials • lighter materials went to the surface (atmosphere) • heavier materials remained in the core • Asteroids …increased • size • mineral composition • Water? • by condensation of vapour in original atmosphere • brought by comets that crashed into Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  10. Polaris Rotation 24 hr ~ 28 days Revolution 365.26 days Moon 149,597,890 km 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  11. Age: 4.6 billion years old Distance from Sun:149,597,890 km 8.3 min light Rotation period: 24 hr (1 d) Revolution period: 365.26 d Satellites: Moon Diameter:12,756 km Mass:5.9742 x 1024 kg Density:5.515 g/cm3 Gravitation: 9.8 m/s2 Earth’s astronomical data 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  12. Importance of astronomical data • Nature • Seasonal changes (summer - winter) • Climatic oscillations (e.g. glacial periods) • Natural cycles (e.g. spawning of corals, etc.) • Humans • First science in history • Ancient civilizations (Egypt, Middle East, Maya) • Human activities • Basis for measurement of time and space • Calendar (day, week, month, year) • Zodiac: influence of universe on individual’s life 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  13. Average temperature14.8 oC Planetary composition Atmosphere: Air (mixture of gasses) N2 O2 Ar CO2 Hydrosphere: 74% surface (3.7 km average depth) 1,370 x 106 km3 water (H2O, ClNa) Earth: 3000 minerals Crust (SiOx, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg) Continental (30% surface) Mantle (SiOx, Mg, S) Core (molten Fe alloy) Earth’s data P not common 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  14. Structure of the Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  15. Original rocks (igneous) • Volcanic: basalt (alkaline), andesite, rhyolite (acidic) • Plutonic: granites (acidic), diorites, gabbro (alkaline) • Sedimentary rocks – weathering (erosion) • Big size: conglomerates, breccia • Small size: sandstone, shale, siltstones • Precipitation  carbonates (CO3-2) • limestone (Ca) • dolomite (Mg) • Metamorphic rocks • Igneous rocks  greenstones (amphibolites) • Sedimentary rocks: • Sandstone  quartzites • Shale  schists • Carbonate  marbles 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  16. Surface crust is dynamic 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  17. Plate tectonics • Rejuvenating the surface of the Earth • New mountains (volcanos, ridges) • New river valleys • Recycling rocks and other materials • Metamorphic rocks • Biological debris • Organic materials  petroleum • Human waste (garbage)  ?? 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  18. Evolution of the Earth • Our planet has not always been as we know it now • Changes in 4,600 million years of history • Atmosphere: from CO2 to O2 • Surface • vapour H2O  liquid H2O  ice • shape of continents (continental drift, tectonics) • Evolutionary perspective • Geological structure • Ecosystems 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  19. Geological eras http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_era 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  20. Cretaceous Continental drift 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  21. 30% land - most N hemisphere 5 continents Highest peak: Mt Everest 8850 m 70% water - most S hemisphere 3 oceans Deepest trench: Marianas 10973 m Current Earth 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  22. Biosphere The living matter enveloping the surface of the Earth & filling its oceans 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  23. Conditions for a biosphere • Material composition and availability of chemicals • Abundant C, O, N, H and P, Ca, S • Atmosphere - not poisonous • Adequate planet size: gravitational force to hold it • Steady supply of energy, not fluctuating • Normal star (Sun) • Planet’s orbit near circular • Temperature • allow normalchemical reactions • water (H2O) in liquid form 0 < T < 100 oC 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  24. Sources of energy Internal – the Earth • Volcanos • hot springs • Deep ocean trenches • Hydrothermal vents • Plumes • External - the Sun • Photosynthesis • Hydrological cycle • Climate 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  25. Basic principles (rules) • Conservation of matter– same amount of matter • Small input: meteorites, falling debris • Small output: H and He losses • Conservation of energy - 1st law of thermodynamics “Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed” • Natural processes - 2nd law of thermodynamics A + B  C + D + energy • always in direction of highest entropy entropy [A+B] < entropy [C+D] • Biological systems constantly… • Recycle matter (biomass) • Require energy input to create more organisms  less entropy 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  26. Definitions • Ecology: oikos (household) + logos (study) • Study of interactions between organisms and environment • Ecosystem: ecological system • Biological component – organisms • Non-biological component – land, water, air • Biosphere: entire biological systems on Earth • Biodiversity: variety of species in an ecosystem • Biogeography: geographical distribution of species 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

  27. References • Fred T. Mackenzie. 1998. Our changing planet : an introduction to earth system science and global environmental change /環境リモートセンタcall 519 • David E. Alexander & Rhodes W. Fairbridge (eds). 1999. Encyclopedia of environmental science / 本館参考call 519.03||ENC 自然科学の英語-ENS-L1

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