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Cause and Effect (2)

Cause and Effect (2). In Argumentation. General Guideline Review:. Clear sense of Purpose: Target and Premise Pattern: consider counter arguments; do not refuse to give them credits; give solutions  make proper concession

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Cause and Effect (2)

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  1. Cause and Effect (2) In Argumentation

  2. General Guideline Review: • Clear sense of Purpose: Target and Premise • Pattern: consider counter arguments; do not refuse to give them credits; give solutions make proper concession • In most situations, more than one cause or effect is involved;  avoid simplification • Specific wording, modification  avoid generalization & vagueness • Speak with enough evidence  sufficient research; • Logical development of ideas. (e.g. development by gradation; don’t make logical leap; don’t confuse ideas.)

  3. Sense of Purpose & Main Target • Nowadays, television is (seems to x) abused by not only the kids, but also the parents who spent too much time at work thinking that TV could be like a friend to their children. • Nowadays, television is abused by the parents who spend too much time at work, thinking that TV could be like a friend to their children. Without their parents around, the kids can be turned by TV into into a couch potato, if not one prone to violence or indulged in fantasies.

  4. Simplification, Wrong targets • I disagree with occupational sex segregation existing in the modern society.First, both men and women have the right for gaining education. • Although there is an increase in the number of women who enter the managerial and professional fields, occupational sex segregation is still something for women to fight against. (Give evidence & then solution.) • Although occupational sex segregation is on the decline in labor force, women still experience occupational discrimination in wage, promotion as well as “no-pregnancy” policy. (Give evidence & then solution.)

  5. Concession to the counter argument • Society does want to offer the more constructive, positive treatment for criminals, but the social resources are simply not enough.(1. What is “society”? 2. too much concession, implying that death penalty is negative and destructive.) • Indeed, it would be great to educate and rehabilitate every criminal, had we enough time, space, and money to do so. However, our social resources are simply not enough.

  6. Simplification • parents’ sexual orientations do not interfere with children’s sexual orientations. This means children raised by homosexual couples receive no more chances to become gays or lesbians themselves than children of heterosexual parents do. • Considering the multiple causes of homosexuality-- biological, social as well as familial—parents’ sexual orientation is not the exclusive factor in deciding children’s sexual orientations.

  7. Generalization & Logical Development of Ideas • Commercial makers know the weakness of all the women; they are all afraid of looking ugly and stupid.Thus, women choose to trust the commercials. They trust the beauty saloon, which would bring them success. They do not look the same way as the standard women the commercial presents; thus they trust.Even though they know some of the commercials are not worthy of their trust, yet they still choose to trust someone else except themselves, ignoring the importance of health or inner beauty.Yet, is fat really bad? Is fat equal to failure? Is being beautiful everything that women should have?It seems to me that most women are bounded by Barbie doll’s image. . . (suggestion) • Commercial makers know the weakness of all the women; they are all afraid of looking ugly and stupid. Thus, women choose to trust the commercials. They trust the beauty saloon, which would bring them success. They do not look the same way as the standard women the commercial presents; thus they trust. Even though they know some of the commercials are not worthy of their trust, yet they still choose to trust someone else except themselves, ignoring the importance of health or inner beauty. Yet, is fat really bad? Is fat equal to failure? Is being beautiful everything that women should have? It seems to me that most women are bounded by Barbie doll’s image. . .

  8. Logical Development of ideas (2) Why do so many women go on a slimming diet with the help of medicine, beauty saloons or even surgery such as liposuction? Because the slim body shape has become a cultural norm which we get to see on all the TV programs, in all the clothing stores window, as well as on all the ads with images of women we see in the bus, on the street and in the daily newspapers. A lot of women who do not conform to this standard feel unconfident in themselves and their looks. They spend a lot of money on slimming themselves, reinforcing the body myth which has been prevalent in society. The commercial designers understand appeal to their needs to wear this body uniform.  e.g. commercials. (challenging the concept)However, is fatness really bad? Is it equal to ugliness or failure?

  9. Vague expressions • Many people still feel anxious about the mental health of gays and lesbians especially on children-raising issue. In fact, researches in this field have recognized that the overall mental health of homosexual parents has great similarity with that of heterosexual parents. • Many people still have doubts about the mental health of gays and lesbians and how it may affect their children. They may wonder, for instance, if homosexuals are emotionally unstable, too radical, or insecure, and thus foster extreme personalities in their children. There could be even fears of abnormal psychology in the parents, which get passed on to their children. In fact, . . . .

  10. Vague expressions Social skills need a long time to develop and must be practiced and improved through experience. One sort of skills we need, among others, is that of friendly communication with another gender without mistaking it for courtship or love.What a good co-ed school can offer usis exactly this: an open environment in which girls can communicate and interact naturally with boys on daily basis. Girls and boys should learn to do so at a young age, not after they have physically and mentally matured. At that time it might be too late, since their personality development has already slowed down while they may not know how to deal with another gender on various occasions. • Social skills need a long time to develop and must be practiced. It’s slowly built up through experience. And that is what co-ed schools give us. Girls and boys should learn how to interact and communicate at a young age, not after they have physically and mentally matured. At that time it might be too late, and the personality development has already slowed down.

  11. Faulty Logic? Faulty connection • In Taiwan’s society today, it is very normal that parents both are working. Therefore, the time from 4 o’clock in the afternoon until 10 o’clock at night became the time for children to watch television without their parents’ accompaniment and supervision. • In a lot of Taiwanese families, the parents not only work but also work overtime. They may feel that their elementary-school kids are safe as long as they are at home; however, they do not know that, at home, there is a constant mental killer, T.V.

  12. Faulty Logic? Faulty connection • However, how death penalty in real life is not like what happens in the movies. It possesses its necessity and value of existing in the present day. • To present an execution sympathetically, Hollywood films may be selective or biased in characterizing the criminals. When examining the issue of death penalty in real life, however, we need to pay attention to its reasons and functions as objectively as possible.

  13. Faulty Logic? Faulty connection • If Taiwan accepts Han Yu Pin Yin as its standard Romanization system, we won’t be worriedabout our international trade or export-import business with the worldwide countries especially for us who have just joined WTO (World Trade Organization) last month. • If we also use Han Yu Pin Yin, which the other Chinese speaking countries use, representative of the foreign export or import companies will not feel confused by our street names or our transliteration of some Chinese proper names.

  14. Pinyin: e.g. for Han yu –1. inconsistencies in Tong Yong

  15. Pinyin: e.g. for Tong Yong– • 1. 漢語拼音用Q,X,Zh這feng三個符號，自然通用拼音不用這三個符號。自然通用拼音用「ji,ci,si與jh,ch,sh」來表記「ㄐ,ㄑ,ㄒ與ㄓ,ㄔ,ㄕ」，可以方便地轉換到客語、粵語及潮州話拼音。 • 2. (source: http://www.chinesewaytogo.org/waytogo/expert/pinyin/yu.htm )

  16. Pinyin: e.g. for Tong Yong– • 社會語言學相當重視所謂的「多元中心」觀點 (e.g. Hong Kong, Japan, Australia) • 華語羅馬拼音的思想傳統有兩大流派，一派是從「蘇聯西伯利亞的北拉方案到大陸漢語拼音方案」，一派是從「國民政府教育部的國語羅馬字到注音二式」，自然通用拼音在思想上恰好整合這兩個傳統，跳脫「國共相爭」的格局。 (source: http://www.chinesewaytogo.org/waytogo/expert/pinyin/yu.htm )

  17. Premise: the functions of Romanization • help teach pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese (Pin-yin: popularize the Peking dialect); • standardize the spelling of Chinese personal and place names abroad; e.g. Chiwen; Ji-wen, • Translation of legal documents; typing; • (Pinyin replaced the traditional writing systems of several ethnic minorities in China and is used to document the previously unwritten languages of many more.) (source: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=61634&tocid=0&query=romanization )

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