SSUSH16

1. SSUSH16 Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction. b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile. c. Describe the impact of radio and the movies d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.

2. The Roaring ‘20s • American society changed in many ways following World War I. • The country withdrew into isolationism and called for worldwide disarmament • Conflict existed between Americans ready to adopt new manners and new ways and those who tried to resist the forces of change.

3. SECTION 1: AMERICAN POSTWAR ISSUES • The American public was exhausted from World War I • Public debate over the League of Nations had divided America • An economic downturn meant many faced unemployment • A wave of nativism swept the nation

4. FEAR OF COMMUNISM • One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism • Communism is an economic and political system based on a single-governmental party, equal distribution of resources, no private property and rule by a dictatorship

5. Reasons to Fear- Would Communism Spread?? The government promises to create revolutions in other countries and spread communism The government owns all land and property Communism in the Soviet Union Individuals have no rights that the government is legally bound to respect A single political party controls the government

6. Anti - Communist Measures continue • November 1919 , the first attacks, known as the “Palmer Raids” were made on private homes of suspected Communist sympathizers and on the headquarters of labor and radical organizations. • January 1920, More than 6,000 radicals were arrested as a result of the Palmer Raids. • Civil liberties were violated as citizens and aliens alike were denied legal counsel and held without specific charges. • Sacco - Vanzetti Case ~ May 1920The case began with the arrest of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for murder and armed robbery in Massachusetts.

7. The Red Scare Shortly after the end of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Red Scare took hold in the United States.  A nationwide fear of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents suddenly grabbed the American psyche in 1919 following a series of anarchist bombings.  The nation was gripped in fear.  Innocent people were jailed for expressing their views, civil liberties were ignored, and many Americans feared that a Bolshevik-style revolution was at hand. Then, in the early 1920s, the fear seemed to dissipate just as quickly as it had begun, and the Red Scare was over.

8. Important Roaring 20’s Demographics • The Great Migration • The movement of African-Americans from the South to the North in search of jobs and equality • Immigration changes • Less from Europe • More from Canada and Mexico • Development of barrios • Growth of Suburbs • Trolley lines brought commuters to work in the cities

9. Anti-Immigration Laws and the Great Migration • 1921 Congress passes a law limiting the number of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe • 1924 More restrictions • 1929 More restrictions against the Europeans most anxious to come to the U.S. • Asian immigration continued to be heavily restricted. • Over half a million blacks migrated from the rural South to industrial cities in search of work. • Thousands of Mexicans and Canadians immigrated to the U.S.

10. Trolley Line in Inman ParkAtlanta, GA

11. THE IMPACT OF THE AUTO • The auto was the backbone of the American economy from 1920 through the 1970s • It also profoundly altered the American landscape and society The Ford Model T was the first car in America. It came only in black and sold for $290. Over 15 million were sold by 1927.

12. IMPACT OF THE AUTO Among the many changes were: • Paved roads, traffic lights • Motels, billboards • Home design • Gas stations, repair shops • Shopping centers • Freedom for rural families • Independence for women and young people • Cities like Detroit, Flint, Akron grew • By 1920 80% of world’s vehicles in U.S.

13. The Automobile • Influences economic prosperity • Encourages growth of suburbs • Changes patterns of leisure - road trips and vacations become commonplace • Affected patterns of crime • Changed courtship - dating • Ford Model T most popular - 15 million were produced between 1908 - 1927

14. Model T Henry Ford established the assembly line to manufacture inexpensive automobiles for the general public. The easy to operate and affordable Model T allowed the middle class to own cars for the first time. There are three major impacts on society that the automobile spurred. . The car allowed mobility for people who owned them which allowed owners to experience life beyond their backyards and immediate homes. New industries emerged after the adoption of the automobile as a staple of American life. These industries included road building, gas stations and auto mechanic garages. Thirdly, the rural areas of America became less isolated as people both left and came to these areas spreading trade and ideas.

15. Mass Production • Ford was able to sell cars cheaply because they were mass-produced and every part was Standardised (only one colour and one engine size were available). • By producing large numbers of cars on an Assembly Line Ford needed fewer skilledworkers, and that cut the cost of paying wages.

16. Mass Production Ford invented the idea of using an Assembly Line to speed up production.

17. More jobs are created in other industries. Car Industry Mass productions & Standardisation lead to increased car sales. More Standardised parts are needed The Cycle of Prosperity! Jobs in Diners, Motels & Gas Stations. Steel More Oil is used. Rubber Leather More people with jobs means that they can afford to buy a car! Glass More roads are built.

18. Car Production & Cycle of Prosperity • Car production used up 20% of America's steel, 80% of her rubber, 75% of her plate glass and 65% of her leather. • By the end of the 1920s American cars used seven billion gallons of petrol a year. • This helped to create jobs in the oil industry and made the oil state of Texas rich.

19. Mass Media • Newspapers • Between 1920 and 1930circulation rose from 27.8 million to almost 40 million • Motion Pictures • Moviemaking became the 4th largest business in the country • 1922 40 million viewers per week, 1930, 90 million per week • Radio • NBC • Medium for the masses • United the country…Why?

20. Radio- 1st commercial station broadcasts in 1920 • Radio stations feature news, sports events, variety entertainment and live musical broadcasts. • By 1929, 40 % of American households owned radios. • New leisure time initiates the building of playgrounds, parks, swimming pools, golf courses, tennis courts, and ball fields.

21. The New Middle Class • Americans are influenced by new advertising and marketing techniques • Americans buy appliances, cosmetics, commercially processed foods, mass produced autos, and new fashions. • Consumption became dominant cultural ideal with the new Installment Buying Plan. “Buy Now - Pay Later.” • Motion Picture Industry influences popular culture - trends in clothing , hair styles, values and attitudes. • Movies with sound first appear in 1927 - The Jazz Singer

22. The Great Migration MIGRATIONTo escape Segregation and find better paid work many African-Americans many moved North. There were more opportunities for jobs in the North because of Industrialization.

23. The Harlem Renaissance • In the early 1900s, particularly in the 1920s, African-American literature, art, music, dance, and social commentary began to flourish in Harlem, a section of New York City. • This African-American cultural movement became known as "The New Negro Movement" and later as the Harlem Renaissance.

24. Background • Harlem, a neighborhood in New York City, was the center of the African American political, cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s. • The Harlem Renaissance emerged in a time of social and intellectual upheaval in the African American community.

25. Causes • The Great Migration, a movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from rural to urban areas was a factor • A growing middle class also helped foster the growth • Increasing numbers of educated and socially conscious African Americans Dust to Dust by Jacob Lawrence

26. Art, Music, and Literature • More than a literary movement, the Harlem Renaissance exalted the unique culture of African-Americans and redefined African-American expression. • African-Americans were encouraged to celebrate their heritage.

27. Langston Hughes • Was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and newspaper columnist. • Hughes is quoted as saying that in his work he “confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America’s image of itself” • He considered himself a “people’s poet” who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality

28. Jazz JAZZ The Jazz Age JAZZ

29. The Jazz Age • The musical innovation of the decade! • Started in New Orleans with African rhythms and songs, followed the Misssissippi to northern cities. • Both black and white music lovers frequented nightclubs to hear Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday and others.

30. The Jazz Age • Jazz Clubs • 500 clubs in Harlem alone • Cotton Club, Connie’s Inn, The Saratoga Club • Jelly Roll Morton Band, Louis Armstrong (Satchmo), Duke Ellington