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Neta Peleg-Oren, Ph.D.

Paternal Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adolescents Participating in a School-Based Substance Abuse Intervention. Neta Peleg-Oren, Ph.D. Eric F. Wagner, Ph.D. Staci Leon Morris, Psy.D.

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Neta Peleg-Oren, Ph.D.

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  1. Paternal Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth and Psychosocial Outcomes among Adolescents Participating in a School-Based Substance Abuse Intervention Neta Peleg-Oren, Ph.D. Eric F. Wagner, Ph.D. Staci Leon Morris, Psy.D. C-BIRG, Florida International University, Miami, FL This work was supported in part by a grant funded by the NIAAA (R01 AA10245). Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  2. Monitoring the Future 2006: Use (Lifetime)http://monitoringthefuture.org Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  3. FL Youth Survey 2006 (FYSAS) (Lifetime)http://www.dcf.state.fl.us/mentalhealth/publications/fysas Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  4. Monitoring the Future 2006: Abuse (in 30 days) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  5. FL Youth Survey (FYSAS) (in 30 days) http://www.dcf.state.fl.us/mentalhealth/publications/fysas Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  6. Prevalence of COA • 11.6 million children (16%of children) exposed to alcohol problems • Additional 2 million children exposed to an alcohol dependent parent (3% of children) (Ramisetty-Mikler & Caetano, 2004 based on 1995 National Alcohol Survey) • 1 in 4 children exposed to alcohol or drugs in the family Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  7. Characteristics of COA Having a parent with a history of alcohol use problems has been associated with increased risk for problems with: • Emotions (e.g., psychiatric disorder) • Cognitions (e.g., stress coping) • Social Skills (e.g., peer interaction) • Behaviors (e.g., self-regulation) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  8. COA-High Risk for Substance Use Genetic and non-genetic influences appear to contribute to the risk for substance use problems among COAs. COAs are 4-9 times more likely to develop SUDs than nonCOAs (Cloninger et al., 1981; Russell, 1990) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  9. Definition of Maternal Warmth A mother’s general tendency to be supportive, affectionate, and sensitive to the child’s needs, express approval and direct positive emotions and behaviors toward the child(Zhou, et al., 2002). Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  10. Maternal Warmth (cont’d) Lack of maternal warmth may heighten the risk for substance use problems in adolescents (Cohen et al., 1994; Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991; Kandel & Davis, 1996; Ruchkin, et al., 2002). Family positive support and control have been found negatively associated with adolescent drinking(Foxcroft & Lowe, 1991). Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  11. Maternal Warmth (cont’d) High maternal warmth and expression of positive emotions have been linked to: • Lower levels of hostility • Fewer internalizing problems • Fewer externalizing problems • Positive social skills • Better self-regulation (Eiden et al., 2004; Eisenberg et al., 2001; Kandel, 1980; Kochanska & Murray, 2000; Kochanska et al., 2000; Zhou, 2002). Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  12. Aim of the Study To examine • paternal history of alcohol use problems (no use, moderate use, and heavy problematic use by the father) • maternal warmth (low or high) as both independent and interactive predictors of psychosocial outcomes of high-risk, alcohol and drug using school youth Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  13. Alcohol Use, Maternal Warmth andPsychosocial Outcomes Independent Variables: 1. COA Status 2. Maternal Warmth 3. COA by Maternal Warmth Dependent Variables (Adolescent Functioning): 1. Psychiatric Disorders 2. Social Skills 3. Coping Skills 4. Alcohol and Other Drug Use Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  14. Hypotheses • Adolescents reporting lower maternal warmth will demonstrate significantly (a) more psychiatric disorders, (b) less adaptive coping skills, and (c) poorer social skills than adolescents reporting higher maternal warmth. • COAs will demonstrate significantly (a) more frequent and heavier alcohol and drug use and (b) less adaptive coping skills than adolescents with no paternal history of substance use problems. • The interaction of maternal warmth and COA status were explored (e.g., is maternal warmth even more predictive of outcomes for COAs vs. non-COAs?) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  15. Present Study • Cross sectional secondary analysis of data derives from an NIAAA-funded randomized clinical trial of school-based group intervention for adolescents with alcohol use problems (Westchester Model SAP). • Data derived from self-reports collected at baseline from the adolescent. • The primary analytic strategy was hierarchical multiple regression (HMR). Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  16. Sample Middle and high school students who: • reported 6 or more occasions of substance use in the 6-month period prior to enrollment. • reported 6 or more contacts per month with their fathers. From N = 214 students in the original study 171(80%) met our above inclusion criteria. Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  17. Sample Demographics • Mean age - 15.4 years • 52% - middle schoolers • 48% - high schoolers • 42% - female • 66% - non-Hispanic White, 21% Hispanic, 10% Black, and 3% “other” Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  18. Measures • Adolescent substance use -Timeline Followback(TLFB)( Sobell et al., 1980; Sobell & Sobell, 1992, 1996). • COA Status-The Social Support Questionnaire(Richter et al.,1991) • Study classified the participants into 3 groups. children of: (1) non-drinking fathers (32%) (2) light drinking fathers (37%) (3) heavy drinking fathers (31%) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  19. Measures (cont’d) • Maternal Warmth - The Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS)( Barnes & Olson, 1982):Open Family Communication and Problems in Family Communication. • Psychiatric Disorders - The brief Michigan version of the CIDI(Kessler, et al., 1998) • Coping Skills - The Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCCL)(Vitaliano et al., 1985) • Social Skills -The Teenage Inventory of Social Skills (TISS)(Inderbitzen & Foster, 1992) Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  20. Descriptive data of psychosocial functioning variables by COA status and maternal warmth groups. Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  21. Table2A: Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses (Maternal Warmth) *p < .05; **p < .01.

  22. Table 2B: Summary of hierarchical multiple regression analyses (COA Status) *p < .05; **p < .01.

  23. In comparison to non-COAs, COAs reported significantly (p < .05): More frequent alcohol use Greater quantity per use occasion Less “adaptive” coping skills Results—COA Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  24. Results –Maternal Warmth In comparison to teens reporting high maternal warmth, teens reporting low maternal warmth demonstrated significantly (p < .05): • more psychiatric disorders • less adaptive coping skills • poorer social skills Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  25. No significant interactions were found between paternal alcohol use problems and maternal warmth in predicting adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Results—Interactions Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  26. Conclusion • COAs have an increased risk for alcohol-related problems. • Paternal alcohol use and low maternal warmth each contribute independently to adolescent adjustment. • There was no evidence of interactive effects of these variables on adolescent adjustment. Therefore: • Assessment of family history of alcoholism and maternal warmth is very important • COA or low maternal warmth adolescents should be considered high-risk teen in need of specialized services. Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  27. Future Research • Longitudinal study - the influence of maternal warmth and paternal history of alcohol use on adolescent adjustment over time. • Identify additional personal and family characteristics which may contribute to psychosocial risk. • Develop specialized interventions based on documented patterns of risk. Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

  28. Thank you You were such a greataudience ! Neta Peleg-Oren, Eric F. Wagner, Staci Leon Morris

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