WWI Review!

1. WWI Review!

2. Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism M A I N

3. M is for Militarism Militarism: The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army mobilized (or ready for battle). The build-up of military arms or ARMS RACE.

4. Militarism MONEY SPENT ON MILITARY (in millions of dollars) 1880 1914 • Germany 1.3m 5.0m • France .73m 4.0m • Russia .40m 1.2m

5. A is for Alliances Alliances: A close association of nations that is formed to support the interest of those nations.

6. I is for Imperialism Imperialism: The control of domination of one country over another.

7. N is for Nationalism Nationalism: A deep devotion of one’s nation. It can also mean a desire for a nation’s independence. Serbia’s national flag

8. June 28, 1914 The Spark! • The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, are assassinated by a Serbian nationalist named GavriloPrincip.

9. July 23, 1914 • Austria-Hungary gives Serbia an ultimatum (sort of an unreasonable one) • Serbia agreed to ultimatum on all but 2 points and said they would discuss these points in an international conference • July 28, 1914 • Austria-Hungary rejected Serbia’s offer and declares war on Serbia

10. In response to Austria’s declaration of war, Russia (Serbia’s ally) moved its troops onto the Austria-Hungary and German border as a precaution. • August 1, 1914 • Germany declares war on Russia and Russia looks to France for help. • August 3, 1914 • Germany declares war on France

11. Schlieffen Plan • August 4: Germany declares war on Belgium; Germany invades Belgium • August 4: Britain was outraged and declared war on Germany

12. Germany’s Plan of Attack?

13. The Schlieffen Plan • This was Germany’s plan to race west to defeat France and then return to fight Russia. • Germans wanted to avoid a two front war. • Germany decided to invade France (by surprise) through a stretch of unprotected land in Belgium, defeat France quickly, and then return to Russia. • Doesn’t work because Britain helps Belgium

14. Schlieffen Plan

15. The War Divides Europe • The Triple Alliance became the Central Powers and consist of German & Austria-Hungary (and soon are joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria) • The Triple Entente became the Allies and consists of Great Britain, France & Russia (and soon are joined by Italy and Japan)

16. Major Players in WWI

17. The US Enters the War Germany’s policy of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (Germany declared it would sink any ship around the UK) was one of the major reasons the US joined the war. The final straw was the Zimmerman Telegram, which was a note from Germany to Mexico, saying that if the Mexicans joined the Central Powers, they would in turn help them regain their “lost” territory. This caused President Wilson to ask congress to declare war, on April 2, 1917.

18. War Affects the Home Front WWI became a Total War and used Propaganda Because of short supply, many foods underwent Rationing, where people could only buy small amounts of those goods Total war meant that women also needed to help in the war effort. They took over jobs in factories, offices, and shops. They also helped on the front lines with food, clothing, weapons, and medical aid.

20. The Allies Win the War • Russia Withdraws: • After the Russian Revolution, Lenin pulls Russia out of the war. • With Russia out of the war, Germany sent all of its remaining troops to the western front for a final offensive, successfully getting all the way back to Marne. They eventually met fresh American troops and lost. • On November 11, WWI came to an end, after the German government signed an armistice, or a cease-fire, with France.

21. Battles • Battle of the First Marne • September 6 – 12, 1914 • Ended the movement of the Germans, and created Trench Warfare • French troops were sent from Paris to the front lines in 600 taxis • It ended with the German offensive retreating and the land was taken back • French lost 250,000; Germany 250,000; UK 13,000 • Significance • Started Trench Warfare • Ended the German Schlieffen Plan, ended their hopes of making the war short

22. Battle of the Marne

23. Battles • Battle of Verdun • Feb. 21 – Dec. 15, 1916 • Longest Battle in history • The Germans wanted to take over 20 French Forts, which represented France’s pride and independence • Ended in a stalemate and both positions ended up where they started • Significance • Became a symbol of French determination – the French were not going to give up easily and set the war up to be a War of Attrition • Established the Maginot Line • Created further tensions between France and Germany leading into WWII

24. Battle of Verdun

25. Battles • Battle of the Somme • Began July 1, 1916 • On the first day, the British suffered 58,000 causalities • Bloodiest day in the history of Britain • First use of the tank • Eventually the French and British won, sort of, but no one really was victorious • Significance • Gave Britain more credit for a land force • Began using unrestricted submarine warfare • War of Attrition – even though France and England “won,” they only did so by trying to wear the other one down.

26. Battle of the Somme

27. The Paris Peace Conference • Jan. 18, 1919 a conference began to set the terms for peace • 32 countries attended • “Big Four” dominated the meeting • Russia (in a civil war) and Central Powers were not present • France and Britain wanted to use the Treaty to punish Germany Palace of Versailles

28. The “Big Four” David Lloyd George (England) Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Woodrow Wilson (USA)

29. Wilson’s Fourteen Pointsa plan for a fair and lasting peace • Point 14 • “a general association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike” (The League of Nations) • This reflected the US’s hope that in the future world conflicts could be solved peacefully

30. League of Nations International peace organization Membership included 32 Allied and neutral nations Germany and Russia excluded Territorial Losses Germany returns Alsace-Lorraine to France French border extended Germany surrenders all of its overseas colonies in Africa and Pacific The Treaty of Versailles

31. Territorial Losses in Europe

32. Military Restrictions Limits size of German army Germany prohibited from importing or manufacturing weapons or war material Germany forbidden to build/buy submarines or have an air force War Guilt Sole responsibility for war placed on Germany Germany forced to pay $33 billion dollars in reparations over 30 years The Treaty of Versailles

33. Legacy of the War • Short-Term • A generation of Europeans are killed or wounded • 8.5 million soldiers dead; 21 million wounded; additional civilians dead due to starvation, disease, slaughter • Empires Fall • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Russia • New Countries created • Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania

34. An Age of Uncertainty The horrors of WWI shattered Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail. New ideas and patterns of life developed in the 1920s that changed the way people looked at the world.

35. Changes after WWI • Science • The ideas of Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud revolutionized scientific thought • Literature • After WWI, writers began to write about their disillusionment with the war and other concerns • Existentialism, or the search for meaning in an uncertain world, was created • Art • Painters began breaking away from tradition, with new forms of art like surrealism (a style that incorporated dream-like qualities and showed objects in unrealistic ways)

36. Surrealism

37. Changes after WWI • Music • Jazz was created by the US, a style of music that captured the freedom of this new age • Society • Because of the new views on life, the youth were more willing to break away from tradition. Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles. They wanted equal rights, and fought for the right to vote • Technology • The automobile began mass production, and changed transportation. • Airplanes began to be used commercially • The radio and movies began to be in wide use

38. Automobile