Agenda

1. Agenda • Warm-up • Population Growth demo • Notes • Population Growth worksheet

2. Population Activity • What is an infection? • Bacteria that invades your body and can also move from person to person

3. Population Dynamics

4. Principles of Population Growth • Population • A group of organisms, all of the samespecies, that live in a specificarea at the same time. • Population growth is defined as an increase in size of a population over time… • However, populations grow at different rates.

5. Linear Growth • If a population grew at a set amount each year, say by 10 organisms per year, then the population has LINEAR GROWTH • However, populations normally do not have linear growth. Linear growth looks like this (Please draw in your notes)

6. Question • Your parents give you two options for allowance • 1,000 a month • A penny on the first day of the month that doubles to two pennies on the second day and so on until the last day of the month • Which option do you choose?

8. .32 .01 .02 .04 .08 .16 1.28 2.56 5.12 10.24 20.48 .64 40.96 163.84 327.68 655.36 1310.72 2621.44 81.92 5242.88 41943.04 83886.08 167772.16 335544.32 10,485.76 209711.52 671088.64 10,737,418.24 Over 10 million!! 5368709.12 1342177.28 2684354.56

9. Exponential Growth • If you graph the allowance we just saw on the graph it will look like this: (Please draw in your notes)

10. Exponential Growth • A population that is growing without any limits, would have exponential growth. • Meaning that as the population gets bigger, it also will grow faster • But, populations cannot keep exponential growth for very long, because the environment would not be able to support it.

11. Exponential Growth

12. Carrying Capacity • The environment has a CARRYING CAPACITY for each population… • Carrying capacity is the number of organisms that an environment can support. • Once a population reaches its capacity, its growth stops.

13. Question • What are some examples of things that can limit growth?

14. What can limit growth? • Limiting factors limit growth • Different sizes of populations will also have different factors affecting them. • When growth has been limited its graph will look like this:

15. Density Dependent Factors • Density Dependant Factors are factors that have an increasing effect as the population increase, hence will affect larger populations. Examples: Disease, Competition, Parasites, Predators, Food • These types of factors spread more quickly in larger populations.

16. Density Independent Factors • Density Independent Factors effect any population, regardless of size. Population size does not matter. • Examples: Volcanic eruption, Temperature, Storms, Floods, drought, chemical pesticides

17. Organism Interactions Limit Population Size • Predation • Predator consuming prey on a large enough scale can have a drastic effect on the size of prey population and hence predator population • Competition • Many individuals competing for scarce supplies • Density-dependent factor • Crowding and Stress • Also density dependant. Stress symptoms include aggression, decrease in parental care, decreased fertility, and decreased resistance to disease

18. Predation

19. Question • Do any populations exhibit exponential growth?

20. Human Population

21. Human Population Growth

23. World Population • Census - Taken in the US once every 10 years • Demography - Study of human population size • 6 Billion in 1999 • 1.3 Million per year in 2002

24. Warm-Up Which of the following might be a limiting factor in an organism’s survival? • Abundance of predators • Temperature and light • Food availability • All of the above

26. Biodiversity loss • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TP-V4VLLHNE

27. Human Population Growth • Human Population Growth is Different that other organisms because humans consciously change their environment • Eradication of diseases • Methods for producing more food • Technology

28. Calculating Growth Rate • Birthrate - Number of live births per 1000 population in a given year • Death rate - Number of deaths per 1000 population in a given year

29. Immigration vs Emigration • Immigration is the movement into a country. • Emigration is the movement out of a country. • (Birth Rate + Immigration Rate) – (Death Rate + Emigration Rate) = Population Growth Rate (PGR)

30. Age Structures • Age Structures tell us how many people are in each age group… • A younger aged population will grow more rapidly than an older population.

31. A • Which age structure diagram has more young people? • Why might that be? B C

32. Biodiversity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HA3xNMJnFuo

33. Biological Diversity and Conservation

34. Biological Diversity • Biodiversity - Variety of species in a specific area

35. Importance of Biodiversity • Interdependence of organisms • Life depends on life • Stability • Many species and diversity allows for better chances of survival • Important to people • Foods • Industrial products • Medicines such as painkillers, antibiotics, heart medication, anti-depressants, anti-cancer drugs • Depend on other organisms for oxygen, nutrients • Clothes, Furniture, Beauty… • Can you think of any other reasons why biodiversity is important?

36. Loss of Biodiversity • Extinction - Disappearance of a species when the last of its members die • Passenger Pigeon (1914) • Endangered Species - Numbers become so low that extinction is possible • Humpback Whale • Threatened Species - Populations decline rapidly and are likely to become endangered • Grizzly Bear http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/StartTESS.do

37. Threats to Biodiversity • Habitat Loss • The largest threat • 70’s – 80’s Amazonian rainforest • Coral reefs

38. Threats to Biodiversity • Habitat Fragmentation • Separation of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas • Increased extinction of local species • ___________ of ecological processes • New opportunities for invasions by introduced or exotic species • Increased risk of fire • Changes in local climate • Smaller fragments mean less biodiversity • Geographic isolation leads to genetic isolation • Some organisms need large areas – for hunting and reproduction

40. Biotic Effects of Fragmentation • Animals that require large areas in which to graze can no longer do so – animals starve • Likewise large predators can not obtain enough to eat in a small spot - animals starve • Migration becomes difficult and species either starve or get wiped out after events such as fire

41. Abiotic Effects of Fragmentation • Climate can change in the areas • Think about the temperature in a forest vs. open spaces… • Edge Effect – The different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem. as areas become smaller the changes at the edges start to influence the conditions inside.

42. Threats to Biodiversity • Habitat degradation - Damage to a habitat by pollution • Types: Air, Water, and Land

43. I. Air Pollution • Importance: can have negative effects on organisms, such as breathing problems, genetic mutations, as well as irritating the eyes & nose. • Causes: Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), • burning fossil fuels is the #1 cause

44. Problems from Air Pollution • Acid Precipitation - Caused by emissions from burning fossil fuels. These emissions combine with water vapor in the air to form rain, snow, sleet and fog with low pH values • Leeches nutrients from the soil, kills plants, lowers pH of water supplies, Responsible for killing many trees in US forests • Also strongly effects lake ecosystems killing plants, animals & other organisms

45. Air Pollution Continued • Ozone layer depletion - Ozone = O3, It absorbs some of ultraviolet waves striking atmosphere – natural sunscreen • CFCs break down ozone • CFCs used in refridgerators, air conditioners, some aerosols and used to make polystyrene • Spring – hole at largest • Hole allows more UV rays in which causes increased exposure to UV radiation, this can lead to mutations.

46. II. Water Pollution • Importance: degrades aquatic habitats in streams, rivers, lakes and oceans thereby strongly affecting and even killing aquatic life. • Causes:1. Excess fertilizers, animal wastes from farms can be carried into the water. These nutrients cause algal blooms which can further harm aquatic life by removing needed oxygen from the water. Additionally, silt from eroded soils can clog gills of fish2.Detergents, heavy metals, chemicals3. Abandoned drift nets – kills ocean life

47. Water Pollution

48. III. Land Pollution • The average American produces about 1.8 kg of solid waste daily • Most trash becomes part of landfills • Possible contamination of ground water supplies • Pesticides • DDT passed through food chains

49. IV. Exotic / Introduced Species • Exotic/Introduced Species - Species that are not native to a particular area • People sometimes introduce a new species into an ecosystem • Can cause problems for native species

50. Figure 52.5, 2 Introduced species When species that are not native are introduced to an area, a number of different problems can occur. Competition: In NorthAmerican marshes, purpleloosestrife is crowding outnative organisms. Predation: The brown treesnake has extinguished dozens of bird species onthe island of Guam. Disease: An introducedfungus has virtually wiped out the American chestnut.