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The Genetic Basis of Growth and Development

The Genetic Basis of Growth and Development. Plants are made up of. cells tissues organs. Plants have specialized tissues called meristems. Shoot apical meristem (SAM) Intercalary meristem Root apical meristem (RAM) Lateral meristems: pericycle, vascular cambium. Plants grow by cell.

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The Genetic Basis of Growth and Development

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  1. The Genetic Basis of Growth and Development

  2. Plants are made up of • cells • tissues • organs

  3. Plants have specialized tissues called meristems • Shoot apical meristem (SAM) • Intercalary meristem • Root apical meristem (RAM) • Lateral meristems: pericycle, vascular cambium

  4. Plants grow by cell • division • expansion • differentiation

  5. Plant development is controlled by hormones • Auxin:stimulates growth and cell division • Gibberellins:stimulates stem growth and seed germination • Cytokinins:regulates cell division and senescence • Abscisic Acid:responds to osmotic stress, inhibits germination, closes guard cells

  6. More Hormones • Ethylene:regulates fruit ripening and flowering, responds to stress • Jasmonic Acid:responds to insect attacks turning on plant defenses • Brassinosteroids: affect stem elongation, pollen tube growth, leaf bending and xylem differentiation

  7. Plant development is affected by the environment • Phototropism (light) • Gravitropism (gravity) • Thigmotropism (touch) • Nyctinastic movement (light) • Thigmonastic movement (mechanical)

  8. Environmental Influences • Circadian Rhythms (biological clocks set by light) • Dormancy (temperature, light & water) • Vernalization (cold induction of flowering) • Stratification (cold induction of germination) • Photoperiodism (germination and flowering)

  9. Photoperiodic regulation of flowering

  10. Genetic control of flowering

  11. Signal transduction by hormones or environmental signals

  12. Genetic modification can redirect developmental processes • Male sterility for hybrid seed production • Fruit ripening • Senescence • Delaying seed pod splitting • Flowering

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