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Linux: An Overview with Peter Norton's Guide to Unix

This overview provides information on Linux, Unix, and their relationship. It covers topics such as multitasking, file systems, software, basic commands, shells, X-Windows, file structure, mounting directories, pipes, customizing the environment, and archiving/compressing files.

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Linux: An Overview with Peter Norton's Guide to Unix

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  1. Linux Un*x Overview Peter Norton’s Guide to Unix Running Linux (O’Reilly) www.ssc.com/linux/ligs/node1.html http://www.linuxresources.com/

  2. Unix • from AT&T early 70’s • Multitasking • Mini & mainframes • “The One True OS” • Many Un*x clones • System V, BSD, SCO • Linus Torvalds • Oct 5, 1991 Linux V0.02 • complete clone (X Windows, TCP/IP, Emacs, UUCP, mail, etc) • 70-80% WWW servers are Apache => Linux?

  3. Linux • multitasking, multiuser • mostly compatible with Un*x • File systems: ex2, msdos, nfs • tcp/ip networking, slip, ppp, ftp, etc. • Software: every utility of standard UNIX • Editors: vi, elvis, GNU Emacs • Up & running - easy • Complete understanding - ?

  4. Basic Concepts • get a distribution of Linux • install the system • boot, CD-Rom Hard disk • Create an Account • Login • Virtual Consoles • Alt-F1, Alt-F2, etc • home directory • ~ (tcsh, bash)

  5. Basic Commands • cd, ls cp, mv, rm • mkdir, rmdir • man • more, cat • grep • job control • somejob > /dev/null & • jobs • kill 124 or kill %1 • Ctrl-C, Ctrl-Z, Ctrl-D • fg %2 bg %1

  6. Shells • program which reads and executes commands from the user • Similar to DOS command.com • More powerful * complex • Scripts = shell programming language • Initialization files (autoexec.bat) • .bashrc, .cshrc • .emacs, .login

  7. Command Processors • Bourne shell ($) • sh • I/O redirection, job control • C-Shell (#) • csh • history, job control , aliasing • Restricted bourne shell • limited capabilities • Restricted user environment • rsh • bash, tcsh, Korn

  8. X-Windows • standard un*x graphics interface • developed at MIT (X11R6) • window managers • X apps: • xterm (a terminal emulator) • xdm (X Session Manager) • xclock (a simple clock display) • xman (displays man pages) • hardware and memory req. • Drivers

  9. Files • More general use than DOS • Multiple users => protection • inode # - real file id • DOS files - ordinary UNIX files • DOS device - UNIX special file • One large directory structure • links allow single file multiple names • hard links directly link to an inode • symbolic links different inode #

  10. Access control • Type of file • Owner • rwx (4 2 1) • Group • rwx • Other • rwx • Examples drwxr-xr-x (755) -rw-r--r-- (644)

  11. Mounting Directories • mount -t type device mnt-point • mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /flpy-a • Automatic mounting • /etc/fstab • device dir type options • /dev/sda1 /sam msdos default • /dev/sdc1 /laura msdos default • /dev/hda1 none swap sw • /dev/cdrom /sys_cd iso9660 ro

  12. Example Directory structure • /bin - executables • /dev - device files • /etc - shell scripts, data files • /lib - standard program files • /lost+found • /tmp - storage • /usr • home • src • spool

  13. Pipes • stdin, stdout • ls -l • Lots small solutions together • ls - l | page (one page of files) • cat old new extra | grep Austin | sort | more • cat old new extra | grep Austin | sort | tee A.list | more

  14. Customizing your Environment • Shell scripts • Ex script file called make6337: • #!/bin/sh • cat hw1.cpp hw2.cpp hw3.cpp > 6337.txt • wc -l 6337,txt • lp 6337.txt • chmod u+x make6337 • Login vs other scripts • bash scripts: • /etc/profile (sysadm at login) • $HOME/.bash_profile (user at login) • $HOME/.bashrc (non-login)

  15. Users & Groups • /etc/passwd • username - unique user name • user ID - unique user number • group ID • password • full name • home directory • login shell • username:encryptedpassword:UID:GID:full name:home directory:login shell • drj2:Xv8Q981g71oKK:102:100:John Durrett:/home/drj2:/bin/bash

  16. Archiving and Compressing Files • tar cvf bkup.tar /etc • tar xvf bkup.tar • gzip -9 bkup.tar • gzip -d or gunzip bkup.tar.gz • tar cvf - /etc gzip -9c > bkup.tar.gz • tar cvfz backup.tar.gz /etc

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