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INDO – EUROPEAN ROOTS

INDO – EUROPEAN ROOTS. History of the English Language. Indo-European Roots. Focusing On: Various Modern English Words which Derived from the Following Indo-European Roots. Indo-European Roots. Theme: Assorted Parts of the Human Body. BHRU… Eyebrow. __.

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INDO – EUROPEAN ROOTS

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  1. INDO – EUROPEAN ROOTS History of the English Language

  2. Indo-European Roots Focusing On: Various Modern English Words which Derived from the Following Indo-European Roots

  3. Indo-European Roots Theme: Assorted Parts of the Human Body

  4. BHRU… Eyebrow __ • Originally contracted from *bhru -. • 1. brow, from Old English br – • 2. eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, from Germanic *br s • Could possibly also mean in the sense of a beam of wood or a log bridge. • 1. bridge, from Old English brycg(e) • 2. bridge from Germanic *brugj (with cognates in Celtic and Slavic).

  5. DENT… Tooth • Originally * 1d-ent-, “biting,” present participle of ed- in the earlier meaning “to bite.” • 1. tooth, from Old English t th • 2. tooth, from Germanic * • A second form involves d t- • 1. tusk, from Old English t sc,t x • 2. canine tooth, from Germanic *tunth-sk- • A third form involves *dent • 1. dental, dentate, denti-, denticle, dentist; dandelion, edentate, edentulous, indent1, indenture, trident, from Latin d ns • The last form involves *don’t, ultimately becoming odont- in Greek • 1. –odon, –odont, odonto-; ceratodus, mastodon, from Greek od n,odous

  6. EL… Elbow (Forearm) • Extended form *el-in -, elbow. • 1. ell2, from Old English eln • 2. forearm, cubit, from Germanic *elin • 3. elbow, from Old English elnboga, • 4. elbow, from Germanic compound *elino-bug n-, “bend of the forearm,” elbow • 5. ulna, from Latin ulna, forearm • A second form involves *ol-en -. • 1. uilleann pipe, from Old Irish uilenn, elbow • A third form involves * l-en -. • 1. olecranon, from Greek len , elbow • The last form involves *el-in-. • 1. arshin, from Old Persian ara n-, • 2. ell, from Indo-Iranian *aratn(i)-, probably from a variant *el-etn- of *el-in-.

  7. GENU… Jawbone (Chin) / • Oldest form * enu-, becoming *genu- in centum languages. • The first form involves *genw-. • 1. chin, from Old English cin(n) • 2. chin, from Germanic *kinnuz. • The second form involves *genu-. • 1. genial2, from Greek genus, jaw, chin. • The third form involves *gn -dho-. • 1. gnathal, gnathic, –gnathous; agnathan, chaetognath, from Greek gnathos, jaw. • The last form involves *g(h)enu-. • 1. hanuman, from Sanskrit hanu, jaw.

  8. KAPUT… Head • Multiple derivations include: • 1. head; behead, forehead, from Old English h afod, head • 2. hetman, from Old High German houbit, head • Both 1 and 2 from Germanic *haubudam,*haubidam • 3. caddie, cadet, cape2, capital1, capital2, capitate, capitation, capitellum, capitulate, capitulum, capo1, capo2, caprice, captain, cattle, caudillo, chapiter, chapter, chef, chief, chieftain, corporal2; achieve, biceps, decapitate, kerchief, mischief, occiput, precipitate, recapitulate, sinciput, triceps • from Latin caput, head

  9. LEB… Lip (To Lick) • Multiple derivations include: • 1. lip, from Old English lippa • 2. lip, from Germanic *lep- • The second form involves*lab-, or *lab-yo-. • 1. labial and labium, from Latin labium, lip • The Last form involves *lab-ro-. • 1. labellum, labret, labrum, from Latin labrum, lip

  10. MAN… Hand • Derivatives include manacle, maneuver, and manure. • 1. manacle, manage, manège, manner, manual, manubrium, manus; amanuensis, maintain, maneuver, manicotti, manicure, manifest, mansuetude, manufacture, manumit, manure, manuscript, mastiff, mortmain, and quadrumanous, • from Latin manus, hand • 2. maniple, manipulation, from Latin manipulus, handful • The first form involves *man-ko-, maimed in the hand. • 1. manqué, from Latin mancus, maimed, defective. • Another derivative includes emancipate, • 1. from Latin compound manceps, “he who takes by the hand,” purchaser • The last set of derivatives contains mandamus, mandate, Maundy Thursday; command, commando, commend, countermand, demand, recommend, remand, • from Latin compound mand re, “to put into someone's hand,” entrust, order

  11. NAS… Nose • Multiple derivations include: • 1. nose, nuzzle; nostril, from Old English nosu • 2. nose, from Germanic zero-grade form *nus • 3. ness, from Old English næss • 4. headland, from Germanic *nasja- • One particular form involves *n s-. • 1. naris, from Latin n ris, nostril • 2. similarly, the form *n ss- is used for the derivatives nasal, naso-; nasturtium, pince-nez, from Latin n sus, nose • 3. nark2, from Romany n k, • 4. nose, from expressive Indo-Aryan form *nakka-.

  12. Works Cited • "Indo-European Roots Index." Bartleby.com. 2000. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 21 Sept. 2008 <http://www.bartleby.com/61/ieroots.html>.

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