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Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats, - World Bank Perspective

Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats, - World Bank Perspective. Tor Ziegler The World Bank. Outline of Presentation 1. World Bank Group and mission statement World Bank practice? The portfolio Frameworks for today’s reality Policy Paper on Water Resources Management

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Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats, - World Bank Perspective

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  1. Analyzing and Managing Aquatic Ecosystems and Habitats, - World Bank Perspective Tor Ziegler The World Bank

  2. Outline of Presentation 1 • World Bank Group and mission statement • World Bank practice? • The portfolio Frameworks for today’s reality • Policy Paper on Water Resources Management • The World Bank Safeguard Policies • Enabling Global Initiatives • The World Water Vision 2000 • The World Commission on Dams 2000 • The Global Environmental Facility

  3. Outline of Presentation 2 • Enabling Frameworks: Environmental & Water Resources Sector Strategies, the bone • Some meat on the bone • The Mekong water utilization project • Lesotho Highlands • Manantali • BNWPP Dams, and Environmental Flow ‘Windows’ • Challenges to Modelers • Partnership opportunities?

  4. World Bank GroupFounded in 1945 “Bretton Woods Institution” • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - 1945 • market-based loans to middle-income countries (per capita income between $1,506 and $5,445) • not a profit-maximizing institution • International Development Association (IDA) - 1960 • interest-free loans, 35-40 years maturity • per capita income less than $885 • capitalized by donor contributions

  5. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - 1956 • private sector investments • loan and equity • profit-oriented • Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - 1988 • non-commercial risk guarantees to investors • International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) - 1966 • settlement of investment disputes by arbitration

  6. Mission • Our dream is a world free of poverty • To fight poverty with passion and professionalism for lasting results. • To help people help themselves and their environment by providing resources, sharing knowledge, building capacity, and forging partnerships in the public and private sectors. • To be an excellent institution able to attract, excite, and nurture diverse and committed staff with exceptional skills who know how to listen and learn.

  7. World Bank Practice?The Water Portfolio • Globally, about $60 billion a year is invested in water - the Bank only contributes 5% (half of all ODA) • Within the Bank, water has averaged about 14% of lending • Between 1985-98 the Bank invested $33 billion in over 70 countries • One third to EAP, a fifth each to LAC and SAR • More than half to only five countries: China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Brazil

  8. World Bank Practice?Recent lending for dams

  9. Frameworks for today’s reality1993 World Bank policy paper on WRM • Introduction (Water problems, Policy objectives, Country focus, International concerns about WRM) • Conditions and challenges in managing water resources (Problems of management, Trends in demand and supply, International water resources) • Improving water resources management (Comprehensive approach, Institut. & regulatory systems, Incentives, Health & environmental res., International WR) • The role of the World Bank (Experience, Areas of involvement, Implications f. operations, Proc/staff/train)

  10. Why Is Water Resources Management Critical Population Growing Economy Growing Constant amount of water in the cycle Increasing demand for water Growing pollution Increased competition for scarce water Need for allocation and conflict resolution

  11. Enabling Environment ECOSYSTEM SUSTAINABILITY Enabling environment Management Instruments Institutional Roles Central-local Public-private River basin Policies Legislation Assessment Information Allocation tools ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY SOCIAL EQUITY The ENABLING ENVIRONMENT sets the rules, the INSTITUTIONAL ROLES and functions define the players who make use of the MANAGEMENT INSTRUMENTS

  12. Comprehensive Framework for Water Resources Management Integrated Water Resources Management • Policies • Strategies • Institutions • Instruments Pollution control Wetlands Fisheries Biodiversity Energy Navigation Flood management Water Supply and Sanitation Irrigation and drainage People Food Security Environment Other

  13. Umbrella & Process Environmental Assessment Cautionary/Limiting Natural habitats Safety of dams International Waterways Cautionary/Limiting (continued) Forestry Resettlement Indigenous Peoples Cultural Property Pest Management Disputed Areas World Bank Safeguard Policies

  14. Requests to the Inspection Panel

  15. The World Water CouncilWorld Water Vision (Hague 2000) • Participatory outreach process for creating visions for water and -people, -food & nature • Regional perspectives on the long-term issues of water • Consolidated vision document, - needs assessment: • Mobilization of political will • Behavioral change by all • “ -- mechanisms must be found whereby those who use water inefficiently have incentives to desist and transfer that water to higher-valued uses, including environmental purposes”

  16. World Commission on Dams1998-2000 multi-stakeholder composition • Facilitated by World Bank Group & IUCN • Mandated to review the development effectiveness of large dams and develop a framework for options assessment, criteria and guidelines to advise future decision-making • Case-studies, thematic reviews, regional hearings • Recommendations for decision making based on 5 core values, 7 strategic priorities, & 26 guidelines • Dissemination and follow-up programs

  17. WCD on Environmental Assessment

  18. Global Environmental FacilityAn international financial entity • 4 GEF program areas: • Conserve bio-diversity and improve ecosystems management to secure better livelihoods for people • Save energy, promote renewable technologies, reduce reliance on less efficient technologies that can cause air-pollution and contribute to climate change • Address the degradation of trans-boundary waters • Assist transitional economies in phasing out ozone-depleting chemicals • 1994-98, US$ 2 bill.; 1998 - US$ 2.75 bill.

  19. Generic Table of Contents for World Bank Sector Strategies • Development Context • Stocktaking and Evaluation • Bank Comparative Advantage • Strategic Options and Business Implications

  20. Portfolio review and country-hearings to discuss • Relevance: #1: Are we doing the right things? • right sectors? right issues? right places? right risks? • Effectiveness: #2: Are we using the right tools? #3: Do we make good use of partnerships? #4: Do we have the right people and organization to help? #5: Are we using the Bank’s access outside of the water sector? #6: Are we dealing effectively with the political economy of reform?

  21. ... conclusions...on substance... • River basin management: • Lots of words but little is happening on the ground.... • e.g. not a single functioning basin agency in Mexico or Brazil or Yemen or Philippines or Thailand or India... • first-rate Bank assistance helping in Ceara, Brazil... • major challenge for the Bank in terms of when and how we get involved.… • Tentative strategy for the Bank: “get involved where there are real problems to solve and diverse interested actors who want to solve them...”

  22. ... conclusions...on substance... • Environmental issues • Instream flows -very little in projects - Lesotho • Water quality management -- have done little • Watershed management: • a new and exciting area, with excellent results in India and Brazil... • needs to be integrated with WRM and generalized... • can be done even in the absence of major overall reforms.. • Need for sustainability criteria

  23. Sustainability Criteria (Gleick, 1995) • A minimum water requirement is guaranteed (and realized) to all humans to maintain human health. • Sufficient water is guaranteed to restore and maintain the health, services and functions of ecosystems. Specific amounts will vary depending of climatic and other conditions. Setting these amounts will require flexible and adaptive management. • Data on water resources availability, use, and quality are collected and accessible to all stakeholders. • Water quality is maintained to meet agreed standards. • Human actions in the basin do not impair the long-term renewability of freshwater stocks and flows. • Institutional mechanisms exist to resolve conflicts over water. • Water planning and decision making are participatory and all affected stakeholders are represented

  24. ... conclusions...on substance... • International Waters • regional seas (Baltic, Black), lakes (Victoria, Ohrid), rivers (Mekong, Danube, Nile), groundwater (Guarani, Western Africa) • GEF-supported • WB comparative advantage: convening power, human capital. • Rules of engagement: ‘high risk - high return’, demonstrated commitment, shared vision, secretariat

  25. What are the main challenges ahead? A DELICATE BALANCE Water for LIVELIHOOD Water as a RESOURCE Water and sanitation for PEOPLE Rainfall and irrigation water for FOOD Water for the economic functions of ECOSYSYEMS maintaining the RESOURCE BASE, both surface and groundwater - and biodiversity …while….

  26. From Rhetoric to Action‘Meat on the bone’ Cases Mekong Water Utilization Project Lesotho Highlands, DRIFT Manantali Dam, Senegal River

  27. Mekong Water Utilization ProjectOperationalization of key elements of 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for Sustainable Development of Mekong Basin • Period: 2000 - 2007 • Formulation & adoption of basin development plan • 03: Functional, integrated basin modeling package • 03: Inst. & test water knowledge base and info syst. • 04: Protoc. for info exch., monitor. & notif. Proced. • 05: Adopt provis. instr. flow rules (incl. min. flow) • Input: Hydrological and hydraulic modeling; purchase commercial software and hardware;Supplemental datacollection etc; integration of existing data-bases; training of staff; consultations on modeling results for formulating rules of utilization; ++++

  28. Lesotho Highlands 11986 treaty L/SA for 70 cms interbasin transfer from LH to Johannesburg region reassessment, EF-scenarios developed • 1986 treaty specified 0.5 + 0.3 cms minimum flow • 1990s political transformation, SA water law ‘environmental reserve’, downstream concerns • Application of DRIFT-methodology, Downstream Response to Imposed Flow Transformation (King) • Decision-making using scenarios not finalized yet • However, redesign of Mohale dam outlet structure allowing 3-4 cms to pass as environmental flows, and up to 57 cms for artificial floods

  29. Lesotho Highlands 2‘DRIFT’ in decision-making Source: King et alia, 2001

  30. Lesotho Highlands 3The 4 modules of DRIFT Source: King et alia, 2001

  31. Lesotho Highlands 4Illustration of hydraulic analysis Source: King et alia, 2001

  32. Manantali dam 1 (Senegal, Mali & Mauritania, - Senegal river) • Unintended impacts of 1988 dam: • Outbreak of bilharzia • Traditional flow recession agriculture hit • Dry season pastures for herders • Flood plain fisheries, proteins for locals • Village drinking water supplies • Flood forests and wetland areas

  33. Manantali dam (+ Diama)Intended Water Charter • Impact issues raised with WB in April 1996, - not earlier involved • Credit negotiations with WB for 200 MW hydro + transmission did include water management optimization program outline • Nov. 1997 Dakar workshop reviewed proposed environmental impact mitigation and monitoring program • Project launch workshop in Bamako, June, 1998 • Rainy seasons artificial flood test program 1997, ‘98 & ‘99, Public information & consultations, + Advisory expert panel ‘99 • Ongoing: Reservoir management planning for optimization of artificial floods, and addressing fisheries aspects, cost/benefit analysis, and preparation of Water Charter (WC) • WC will establish water allocation under different hydrological conditions, expected to be adopted by the 3 Governments in 2001

  34. The Bank/Netherlands Water Partnership Program (BNWPP) • BNWPP Ecological Flow (EF) window supports: • Better integration of EF concepts into project -EA, -preparation & appraisal • Addressing existing projects that offer opportunities for introducing EF • Instit. reforms that support leverage of EF • EF initiatives related to allocation of international waters

  35. Challenges for Model-builders:Have to meet real management needs! • Work with in-country counterparts to build ownership to models and their applications • Possibly develop model with client or modify standard models where source code is open • Models need to be compatible with availability of input-data and their costs, design simple approximation solutions when data inadequate • Man/machine interface and educating decision-makers in using decision support models, build confidence in use • Promote use of models to form a basis for basic assessments, combined with monitoring and adaptive management when project implemented • Produce a record/report/website of cases that convincingly demonstrates applications • Support initiative to create regional expert nodes and networks in developing countries, - twinning with both north and south experts

  36. Challenges for Model-builders:Shared vision/scenario- building oriented • Habitat and population dynamics modeling of tropical and sub-tropical aquatic ecosystems • Wetland modeling in habitat, bio-diversity and bio-productivity context • Seek cost-effectiveness, and keep an eye on ‘rationing’ on data requirements • Optimize cost/benefit if considering increasing data requirements to achieve improved model resolution and predictive capacity • More field-tests and verification of findings from model simulations • Models for assessment of GHG emission from reservoirs • Integrated models for use in developing water resources strategies; and as decision support for WRM & River Basin trade-off/water allocation considerations • Models that will support interstate upstream/downstream negotiations on shared rivers

  37. Web site :www.worldbank.org • All strategies and related documents on the web, including all background material

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