Concepts of Database Management Seventh Edition

Concepts of Database ManagementSeventh Edition Chapter 6 Database Design : ERD Model

Objectives • Discuss the general process and goals of database design • Identify the different symbols used in ERD • Identify cardinality symbols to used for different entity relationship types • Create an entity-relationship (E-R) diagram to visually represent a database design

Objectives (continued) • Explain the physical-level design process • Discuss top-down and bottom-up approaches to database design and examine the advantages and disadvantages of both methods • Use a survey form to obtain information from users prior to beginning the database design process • Review existing documents to obtain information prior to beginning the database design

The Entity-Relationship Model • is modeling tool used to depict graphically a database design before it is actually implemented. • It has three basic components, namely, an Entity, Relationship and an Attribute. • And Relationship has Cardinality (as we will see more in a moment)

Introduction • Two-step process for database design • Information-level design: completed independently of any particular DBMS • Physical-level design: information-level design adapted for the specific DBMS that will be used • Must consider characteristics of the particular DBMS

Building Blocks of ERD

ERD Popular Notation • Chen Notation • Crow’s Foot Notation

Chen Notation - Symbol Rectangle represents an Entity Diamond represents a Relationship 1 M Lines with labels represents Cardinality

Entity (Chen Notation) • is a real-world object distinguishable or unique from other objects. • An entity can be a concrete or physical object like employee, student, faculty, customer etc. Or it could also be conceptual or abstract like transaction, order, course, subjects etc. • It can be thought of as a noun like student, employee etc. • It is normally represented by a rectangle shape.

Database Background Person (ex. Teacher, Student, Physician) • Remember in Chapter 1 Entity could be a : Place (ex. School, Hotel, Store ) Object (ex. Mouse, Books, Bulding ) Event (ex. Enroll, Withdraw, Order ) Idea or Concept (ex. Courses, Account, Delivery )

Entity - Example • For example in our Premiere Database the different Entities are the following: Customer Sales Rep Order Parts

Relationship • is a way of relating one entity to another. Entities can therefore participate in a relationship. • it is commonly thought as a verb connecting the entities or nouns. • It is normally represented by a diamond shape.

Relationship - Example • For example in our Premiere Database again we have this relationships among entities: represents Customer Sales Rep has Could be read as : A Sales Rep Represents a Customer. And a Customer has an Order. Order

Cardinality • Cardinality: number of items that must be included in a relationship • An entity in a relationship with minimum cardinality of zero plays an optional role in the relationship • An entity with a minimum cardinality of one plays a mandatory role in the relationship

Cardinality - Symbols 1 M One-is-to-many Relationship M N Many-to-many Relationship

Cardinality Symbols - Example represents Sales Rep 1 M Customer Could be read as : A Sales Rep could represent 1 or Many Customers.

Cardinality Symbols – Example (Cont’d) has Order M N Parts Could be read as : An Order could have many Parts (e.g. Products Ordered) and a Part could have many Orders.

Degree of Relationship • There are three Degree of Relationships in ERD notation, namely: • Unary • Binary • Ternary

Degree of Relationship (Cont’d) Unary Binary Ternary

Degree of Relationship (Cont’d) Manages Unary Employee makes Customer Orders Binary Vendor Warehouse Ternary supplies Part

Attribute • Refers to the characteristic or basic fact or field of an Entity or Relationship. • For example a Student entity could have the following attributes ID Number, Last Name, First Name, Address, Birth Date etc. • A relationship could also have an attribute for example an Entity name Student enrolls (relationship) to a Course/Program. Now, when you enroll you enroll on a certain date so you will have an attribute of Enrollment Date under Enroll relationship. • It is normally represented by an oval.

Attribute - Example Lastname Firstname RepNum Street City Sales Rep State Take note that a Primary Key is underlined. Rate Zip Commission

Attribute – More Example CustomerName CustomerNum Lastname Firstname RepNum Street Street represents 1 M City City Sales Rep Customer State State Rate CreditLimit Zip Zip Commission Balance

Crow’s Foot notation - Symbol Entity name Attribute 1 Attribute 2 Attribute 3 Attribute 4

Crow’s Foot notation - Example Entity Student StudentID Firstname Lastname Gender Program Attributes

Crow’s Foot notation - Keys Student PK – Primary Key StudentID (PK) Firstname Lastname Gender ProgramID (FK) FK – Foreign Key

Crow’s Foot Cardinality - Symbols One and only one included in the relationship Zero or many could be included in the relationship. This is optional mode. One or many could be included in the relationship. This is mandatory mode.

Crow’s Foot notation – with Cardinality Customer Rep Customernum(PK) Customername Street City State Zip Balance CreditLimit Repnum (FK) Repnum (PK) Firstname Lastname CommissionRate

Non-Graded Seatwork • Using Premier Database • Create a Chen notation on at least two tables that is not part of our example and tables that has relationship • Create a Crow’s Foot notation on at least two tables that is not part of our example and tables that has relationship

Graded Seatwork • Create both Chen and Crow’s foot notation on all tables and relationship • Alexamara Marina • Henry Books

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Concepts of Database Management Seventh Edition