Lesson 11.1a: Industrialization Begins in New England

1. Lesson 11.1a: Industrialization Begins in New England Today we will explain how industrialization began in the New England states.

2. Vocabulary • revolution – a sudden and dramatic change • factory system – manufacturing process using many workers and machines in one building

3. Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • Describe a revolution that is going on in our lives today. • Give an example of a product that is made using the factory system.

4. What We Already Know Farming in New England was difficult, so New Englanders turned to other ways to make their living, such as commerce and shipbuilding.

5. What We Already Know For decades, western Americans had floated their goods to market by using the Mississippi River as their highway.

6. What We Already Know Because the British blockade kept imported goods from reaching U.S. shores, American manufacturing grew dramatically during the War of 1812.

7. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the late 1700s. What was the Industrial Revolution?

8. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the late 1700s. The Industrial Revolution was a time when factory machines replaced hand tools and large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work.

9. Check for Understanding A ask B: What was the Industrial Revolution? Be sure to re-state the question in your response! The Industrial Revolution was a time when factory machines replaced hand tools and large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work.

10. Before the Industrial Revolution, women spun thread and wove cloth at home in cottage industries.

11. The spinning jenny and the power loom allowed unskilled workers , who were often children, to produce more cloth, more quickly.

12. Power looms spin raw cotton into yarn and weave it into cloth.

13. The factory system brought many workers and machines together under one roof. Most factories were built near a source of water to power the machines.

14. Check for Understanding Be sure to re-state the question in your response! B ask A – What was the factory system? The factory system brought many workers and machines together under one roof.

15. Occupations changed during the Industrial Revolution. Large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work.

16. People left their farms and crowded into cities where the factories were.

17. They worked for wages, on a set schedule. Their lives changed, and not always for the better.

18. Investors began to invest in new American industries instead of spending money on shipping and trade.

19. Americans took advantage of the free enterprise system to start manufacturing their own goods. The free enterprise system allows individuals to start businesses and compete for profits, enabling American businessmen to build their own factories and grow wealthier.

20. Factories Come to New England • New England was a good place to set up factories for several reasons. • New England had many fast-moving rivers to supply power.

21. New England had ships and access to the ocean for transporting goods.

22. New England had a willing labor force in the families who were tired of scraping a living from their stony fields.

23. Samuel Slater brought the textile industry to the United States. • Samuel Slater smuggled plans for a textile mill into the country from England. • He built his first spinning mill in Rhode Island in 1790 and a larger mill later.

24. He employed whole families, paying them a low wage. His family system spread through Rhode Island, Connecticut, and southern Massachusetts.

25. Check for Understanding Be sure to re-state the question in your response! A ask B: Where were the first American factories built? The first American factories were built in New England.

26. Check for Understanding Who was Samuel Slater? Samuel Slater built the first spinning mill in Rhode Island.

27. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

28. 4. Why were the first U.S. factories located in New England? • New England had good shipping and transportation. • New England had many slaves to work. • New England had a tradition of manufacturing. • New England had streams for water power. • New England had many wealthy farmers willing to invest. • New England had a willing labor force. Choose all that are true!

29. The Lowell Mills Hire Women • In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell built a factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. • This factory spun cotton into yarn and wove it into cloth on power looms. • Lowell had seen power looms in English mills and copied their design for his Waltham factory.

30. The factory was so successful that Lowell built a new factory town in Massachusetts and named it for himself.

31. Check for Understanding Be sure to re-state the question in your response! A ask B: What product did the Lowell mills manufacture? The Lowell mills manufactured textiles.

32. The Lowell Mills Hire Women Instead of families, the Lowell textile mills employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses. The “Lowell girls” worked 12-hour days in deafening noise.

33. The Lowell Mills Hire Women At first, wages were high – between two and four dollars a week. The girls received a basic education and were strictly supervised until they married and left the mill.

34. The Lowell Mills Hire Women By the 1830s, falling profits meant that wages dropped and working conditions worsened.

35. Factories began to be powered by more powerful steam engines. Steam engines began using coal and wood, meaning factories could be built away from rivers and beyond New England.

36. Check for Understanding A ask B: What replaced water as the power source in later factories? Be sure to re-state the question in your response! Steam replaced water as the power source in later factories.

37. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

38. 5. Who worked in the Lowell mills? • New England farm girls • Lowell’s friends and relatives • Skilled craftsmen • The mill owners themselves

39. A New Way to Manufacture • In 1798, the U.S. government hired the inventor Eli Whitney to make 10,000 muskets for the army. • At that time, guns were made one at a time by gunsmiths, from start to finish.

40. A New Way to Manufacture • Whitney introduced the use of interchangeable parts – parts that were exactly alike – to make production faster and to make repairs easy. • Interchangeable parts also allowed the use of lower-paid and less-skilled workers.

41. Check for Understanding B ask A: How did interchangeable parts change manufacturing? Be sure to re-state the question in your response!

42. Check for Understanding Interchangeable parts changed manufacturing by speeding up production, making repairs easier, and allowing the use of lower-paid, less-skilled workers.

43. Get your whiteboards and markers ready!

44. 6. How did Eli Whitney change manufacturing? • He smuggled plans for a mechanized factory out of England. • He developed an industrial assembly process using interchangeable parts. • He convinced poor Irish workers to immigrate to the United States. • He persuaded New England farmers to allow their daughters to work in his mills.

45. Moving People, Goods, and Messages • New inventions improved transportation and communication. • Steamboats carried people and goods farther and faster and led to the growth of cities like New Orleans and St. Louis.

46. Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Robert Fulton invented a steamboat that could move against the current or strong wind. • In 1807, he launched the Clermont on the Hudson River. But steamships were still unable to sail upstream.

47. Henry Miller Shreve improved on Fulton’s idea. He designed a more powerful engine and installed it on a double-decker boat with a paddle wheel in the back. The stern-wheeler launched a new era of trade and trans-portation on the Mississippi River.

48. Moving People, Goods, and Messages • In 1837, Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the telegraph. • This invention allowed messages to travel between cities in seconds. • By 1861, telegraph lines spanned the country.

49. Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Telegraph lines and steamships helped bring people from different parts of the country closer together. • These inventions increased national unity.

50. Check for Understanding A ask B: Who was Robert Fulton? Be sure to re-state the question in your response!