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Stars

Stars. Chapter 13 Section 1 Pgs. 370 - 374. Constellations. Patterns of stars Represented mythological characters, animals, or familiar objects Spots of light made into a shape Stars found at specific locations in constellations 88 total As Earth orbits Sun they appear then disappear.

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Stars

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  1. Stars Chapter 13 Section 1 Pgs. 370 - 374

  2. Constellations • Patterns of stars • Represented mythological characters, animals, or familiar objects • Spots of light made into a shape • Stars found at specific locations in constellations • 88 total • As Earth orbits Sun they appear then disappear

  3. Star Light • Absolute Magnitude – light a star gives off • Apparent Magnitude – amount of light received from a star on Earth • If close to Earth a star appears brighter even if its dim • A star that is dim from a far away distance would be bright

  4. Measurement in Space • Light-year – distance light travels in one year • Light travels at 300,000 km/s or 9.5 trillion km per year • Nearest star – Proxima Centauri (4.3 light-years away)

  5. Properties of Stars • Color = temperature • Hot = blue-white • Cool = orange or red • Sun = yellow

  6. Questions • What do constellations represent? • How many constellations are in the modern sky? • What is absolute magnitude? • What is apparent magnitude? • What is a light-year? How many km/s? How many km/year? • What is the name of the nearest star? • How do you know the temperature of a star? • What color means hot? What means cool?

  7. The SunSection 2Pgs. 375 - 378

  8. The Sun’s Layers • Center of the solar system • Closest star to earth • Enormous ball of gas, produces energy by fusing hydrogen into helium • Figure 6 Page 375 • Core: Hydrogen fusion • Radiation zone: Energy travels outward • Convection zone: Gases ciruculate, swirls

  9. The Sun’s Atmosphere • Photosphere: Lowest layer, light given off, Temp is 6000K • Chromosphere: 2000Km above photosphere, • Corona: largest layer, extends millions of km into space, temps as high as 2 million K. • Charged particles travel into space from the corona as solar wind.

  10. Surface Features • Sunspots: Areas that are cooler than surrounding areas, • Sunspots showed that the sun rotates; faster at the equator than at the poles. They appear and disappear. • Prominences: huge arching columns of gas. • Solar Flares: Gases near sunspot brighten suddenly shooting outward at high speed.

  11. Surface Features • CMEs (Coronal mass ejections): Large amounts of electrically charged gas are ejected from the corona. • Damage satellites in orbit around earth. • Interfere with radio. • Energy particles from CMEs are carried in the solar wind, and cause the aurora when they enter earths atmosphere.

  12. The Sun-An Average Star • Middle aged • Absolute magnitude is average • Yellow light • Light reaches earth in 8 minutes • Not close to any other stars. • Most systems have at least 2 stars orbiting each other (binary system).

  13. Questions • How does the sun produce energy? • Describe the radiation and convection zones of the sun. • What is the corona? • What are sunspots? • What are prominences and solar flares? • What does CME stand for? How do they affect us on earth? • Why is the sun an average star?

  14. Evolution of StarsSection 3Pgs. 380 - 385

  15. Classifying Stars • Vary in age, size, temperature, brightness • Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram – shows relationship between temperature and absolute magnitude • Main sequence – hot, blue, bright stars in upper left and cool, red, dim stars in lower right. • Sun – in between main sequence • As stars die, move off main sequence

  16. Dwarfs and Giants • 90% are main sequence stars • White dwarfs – hot, not bright • Red giants – extremely bright, not hot, usually red in color • Super giants – largest giants

  17. Star Energy • Einstein: E = mc² (mass turned into energy) • M = mass • C = speed of light • E = energy • Small amount of mass lost when H fuses to form He and converts to large amount of energy • Fusion occurs in the core

  18. Evolution of Stars • Sun – life span of 10 billion years • Nebula – stars begin as large cloud of gas and dust, gravity causes cloud to break apart to form stars • Smaller pieces move together and temp increases • Fusion begins • Energy releases ball of gas into space forming stars

  19. Life Cycle – Giants • Late stage in life cycle • H is lost • Core contracts, temp in core increases • Outer layer expands and cools

  20. White Dwarf • Core used most He • Contracts more and outer layers escapes • Hot, dense core • Size of Earth • Cools and stops giving off light

  21. Supergiants • Core heats up higher • Heavier and heavier elements from fusion • Core collapses violently • Shock wave travels outward producing a supernova, million times brighter than original star

  22. Neutron Stars • Collapsed core of supernova • 1.4 – 3 times bigger than Sun • Small, dense core

  23. Black Holes • More than 3 times mass of Sun • Core collapses to a point • Gravity so strong nothing can escape, not even light

  24. Questions • What is Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram? • What % of stars are found in the main sequence? • What is a nebula? • What age is our sun? • What is the latest stage in a stars life? • What is a super giant? • Why can light not escape a black hole?

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