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OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS

OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS. SOURAL Ivo & VALENTOVÁ Marie. Characterization of electromagnetic radiation. E = h · f c= f · λ. Energy E = [J] Wavelength λ = [m] Frequency f = [Hz]; ν = [Hz] Wave number ν = [m -1 ] Light speed (in vacuum) c = 2,9979 . 10 8 m/s

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OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS

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  1. OPTICAL ANALYTIC METHODS SOURAL Ivo & VALENTOVÁ Marie

  2. Characterization of electromagnetic radiation E = h ·f c= f · λ EnergyE = [J] Wavelengthλ = [m] Frequencyf = [Hz]; ν = [Hz] Wave numberν = [m-1] Light speed (in vacuum) c = 2,9979.108 m/s Planck´s constanth = 6,625.10-34 J.s

  3. Types ofoptic methods 1) Without energy change: refractometry, polarimetry, nephelometry, turbidimetry, 2) With energy change: AAS, UV-VIS and IR spectrometry, NMR, AES,

  4. Refractometry Snell´s law light refraction

  5. Refractometry principal - detection of limiting angle applications - verifying purity of liquid materials

  6. Polarimetry • ground on ability of a chemical substances to rotate the plane of polarized light • optically active substances • chiral center • chiral carbon

  7. Polarimetry • to the left (levorotatory) • to the right (dextrorotatory) • optical enantiomers • polaroscopes

  8. Polarimetry • dextrorotatory and levorotatory mixture - racemic mixture • aeasured quantity …… optical rotation l…...... thickness of OAS layer (dm) c……. mass concentration (g/cm3) …… . specific optical rotation • applications - sugar and food industry (optical activity of sacharides), farmacy and biochemistry (detecting of steroids, vitamins, alkaloids)

  9. Absorption Emission Spectrometry (AES) • ground on observating emission of electromagnetic radiation of free atoms in gas state • measured quantities -  (quality), intensity I (mval/l) (quantity) • intensity • Boltzman´s law

  10. AES • Flame: acetylene – air • Monochromator: selection of  • Detector: measure/detects intensity • Nebulizer: reduce sample to a fine spray • Applications – detection of K+, Na+, Ca2+ (more elements when H2:O2 is used)

  11. Atomic absorption spectrometry • Atomic absorption spectrometry is ground on observation of electromagnetic radiation of free atoms in gas state • Measured quantities -  (quality), absorbance A (quantity) • Absorbance follows Bouger-Lambert-Beer´s law • Application: detection of metallic elements

  12. AAS • Source of radiance: lamp with empty cathode composed from measured element • Flame: acetylene – air • Monochromator: selection of  • Detector: measure/detect intensity • Nebulizer: reduce sample to a fine spray

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