Lecture 6: How do I put my script together?

1. Lecture 6:How do I put my script together? Professor Christopher Bradley Jules and Jim (1962) Written by Henri-Pierre Roché (novel) and François Truffaut & Jean Gruault (screenplay)

2. Previous Lesson Emotion and the Foundation of Dramatic Characters Creating and Representing the Character Main Characters Writing Exercise #3 Silkwood (1983) Written by Nora Ephron and Alice Arlen

3. In this Lesson Basic Three-part Structure The Set-Up The Rising Action (Developing the Conflict), the Climax and the Resolution Writing Exercise #4 – Your Treatment Monster’s Ball (2001) Written by Milo Addica & Will Rokos

4. Basic Three-Part Structure Lesson 6: Part I Rosemary’s Baby (1985) Written by Roman Polanski Based on the novel by Ira Levin

5. Structure • A script provides the structure for a story that is only truly complete when the actors, production design, cinematography, music, editing, etc., all come together to create a finished project. • The script on paper has to be as close to a facsimile of the finished film as it can be. The screenwriter must imagine how to bring all the elements together so that they make sense, build tension and move the audience.

6. Structure (Continued) • Your basic materials revolve around the protagonist’s and other characters’ individual wants and needs. Their GOALS. These are what force the character to take action, the things that leads to conflict. Obstacles and complications – the crises characters face – are tools to be used in conjunction with reversals, reveals, and surprises to construct a plot that conveys your ideas and satisfies the audience.

7. The Two-Part Process Plot structure is a two-part process. First is the overall form the story takes. Second is the actual plotting of the scenes, the order and arrangement of specific events that creates specific meanings. The overall structure focuses on the relationship between beginnings and endings, on the development of conflicts in the middle, and how these parts hold all the elements of your story together. 7

8. Basic Form • The content of your story depends on many things – genre, your point of view, your purpose for writing it. • But even as we strive for originality, we must realize that good structure, whether in features or shorts, tends to follow basic rules.

9. Basic Form (Continued) • The beginning of the film must set up a dramatic problem that the audience understands. • The middle builds the story’s rising action. • The rising action intensifies to the final climax and resolution. • You want to keep your characters on track. Every scene should either forward character or story (preferably both) and keep the stakes going up!

10. Act Structure • Act I encompasses the setting up of the problem for the protagonist, and your inciting incident serves as an Act I climax. • Act II develops the action and the conflict to a major crisis point, the midpoint, where it looks like your protagonist has won. But no. You then build from that crisis to the main climax. • Act III is your story’s brief resolution.

11. Act Structure (Continued) • The Inciting Incident, the midpoint crisis and the final, climactic crisis present your protagonist with specific obstacles, complications, and choices that require actions that further your storyline or theme. Bullit (1994) Written by Alan Trustman and Harry Kleiner Based on the novel Mute Witness by Robert L. Pike

12. The Set-Up Lesson 6: Part II Training Day (2001) Written by David Ayer

13. The Set-Up • The goal of the set-up is to orient the audience to the characters, backdrop, time frame, and mood of the film, as well as give them a clue as to the direction of the film and the theme, and present the conflict. • While the feature might take 10-15 pages (or minutes) to establish all of this, the short film must establish it all in a couple of pages.

14. The Set-Up (Continued) • The audience can learn other important information as the story progresses. In the set-up, the writer should concentrate on providing the main exposition and the inciting incident so that the audience understands the basis for the conflict.

15. The Main Exposition • The main exposition grounds the audience in the basis for the story. Sometimes it is given in dialogue; sometimes it is shown in action; regardless the audience needs this information so that they can orient themselves to the plot and understand what is happening and what follows. • Usually it takes a couple of scenes to present all this information – in a short film, the more economical, the better.

16. Example • In Star Wars, the first few scenes are packed with exposition. We learn that: • There is a galactic war being fought. • The Rebellion is in trouble, but that the Empire has a weakness. • That Luke Skywalker is restless and craves adventure. • That Luke’s father was a great warrior. • That something exists called the Force.

17. Example (Continued) • We learn all of this before the inciting incident or the main action. Star Wars (1977) Written by George Lucas

18. Economy of Form • All of this exposition is focused on setting up the dramatic problem. In any screenplay – but especially a short one – every word, every line, must advance the action and reveal only what is necessary for us to understand the characters and the story. There is no time for incidental information. Other insights about characters can be revealed as the story advances.

19. The Inciting Incident • For most shorts, the set-up is complete once the inciting incident starts the story’s forward motion in earnest. • The inciting incident is a catalyst that forces the conflict into the open and demands the hero respond and take action. This action puts the hero on the path towards his goal. • In Star Wars, several moments could be inciting incidents, but the true incident is probably when Luke’s family is killed.

20. The Off-screen Inciting Incident • The inciting incident need not always be shown on-screen. Especially in a short film, where economy of length is crucial, the inciting incident may have happened before the beginning of the movie and the audience infers it from action and dialogue. • In Black Button, the inciting incident – the character’s death – not only happens before the start of the movie, but the way that this is structured creates the movie’s mystery. 20

21. What to Set-up? • What to set-up depends on your unique story. But whatever it is, it has to be set-up in a way that resonates throughout the rest of the story and pays off at the end. Never arbitrarily include story elements that don’t have a purpose. • As the old writer’s adage goes, if a gun is introduced somewhere in the first act, it must be used in the third act. 21

22. Set-up and Payoff • How do the elements set-up early in Star Wars pay off? • The galactic war introduced pays off in a climactic space battle. • The Empire’s weakness pays off when the Death Star is destroyed. • Luke Skywalker’s craving for adventure pays off ironically when he realizes the costs of war. • That something exists called the Force pays off when Luke learns to use it to defeat the enemy.

23. Revision • It’s impossible to foresee how everything will connect in the first draft. This is where multiple revisions come in. As you write, you go back and forth, refashioning your beginning so that everything throughout the screenplay ties together. The final story should seem natural - even inevitable - to the audience, even though the writer knows it was the result of skilled crafting. 23

24. The Rising Action – Developing the Conflict Lesson 6: Part III High Noon (1952) Written by Carl Foreman Based on the story The Tin Star by John W. Cunningham

25. The Rising Action • Once the set-up is complete, the main action begins. In dramatic terms, this is called the rising action. • The protagonist has expressed his want, the goal is clear and the conflict has been set up. • The ensuing action is what the protagonist does to achieve her goal, the conflict she meets (as well as the support), and how this action affects her along the way. 25

26. Tension • By definition, the rising action requires an escalation of tension in the plot. The writer structures that escalation by having a variety of increasing conflicts confront the protagonist. This keeps the story building and provides new developments to help flesh out the characters and the plot. If conflict doesn’t build, the audience loses interest in the story. If the conflict isn’t varied, the story will feel repetitive.

27. The Plan • Once the problem has surfaced, the hero usually formulates a plan of action and starts implementing it. • Often the character’s actions give us an indication of the plan, but sometimes a simple declaration through dialogue of the character’s intentions gives the audience enough information.

28. The Nature of the Plan • Protagonist’s plans may be conscious or unconscious, carefully thought out or spontaneous. • The plan also allows the audience to see how the protagonist initially grasps the conflict and anticipates the results. • As the story progresses, the gap between the anticipated results and reality produces story surprise and leads to greater struggle.

29. Obstacles If the protagonist hasn’t already encountered a true obstacle in the inciting incident, the rising action is where these obstacles come. An obstacle is the clearest form of conflict. It opposes the protagonist as she attempts to achieve her goals in the story. Obstacles force the major characters to make decisions and thus produce dramatic action. 29

30. Types of Obstacles • Traditionally, obstacles are man, society, nature and the character him or herself. Let’s consider four specific areas: • The Antagonist • Physical Obstructions • Inner Obstacles • Mystic Forces

31. The Antagonist What’s Up, Doc? (1972) Written by Buck Henry and David Newman & Robert Benton The clearest obstacle is the antagonist – the character who opposes the protagonist, and holds opposing goals. Though not necessarily evil, this character personifies the protagonist’s difficulties. 31

32. The Antagonist Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982) Written by Gene Roddenberry (characters) and Harve Bennett and Jack B. Sowards and Samuel A. Peeples (story) and Jack B. Sowards and Nicholas Meyer (screenplay) Frequently, the antagonist initiates the inciting incident. The antagonist represents a real break for the protagonist – at last our hero will fight. 32

33. The Antagonist (Continued) Though a film can exist with only an inner problem or physical barrier as the main conflict for the hero, a specific antagonist lends power and clarity to the dramatic structure. The opposition of these characters clearly defines the conflict for the audience. 33

34. Physical Obstructions Cast Away (2000) Written by William Broyles, Jr. Physical obstructions are anything that physically prevents the hero from reaching or moving closer to his goal. They can range from deserts, rivers and mountains to dead-end alleys and and dead car batteries. 34 Cast Away (2000) Written by William Broyles, Jr.

35. Physical Obstructions (Continued) K2 (2000) Written by Patrick Meyers and Scott Roberts Based on the stage play by Patrick Meyers A good obstacle forces the protagonist to take action, either to confront the obstacle straight on or to take a different tack. 35

36. Inner Obstacles • Inner obstacles are intellectual, emotional, or psychological problems the protagonist must overcome before being able to achieve his or her goal. Boys Don’t Cry (1999) Written by Kimberly Peirce & Andy Bienen

37. Inner Obstacles (Continued) • Some inner obstacles might include fear, jealousy, racism, or mental illness. • They are often connected to, and oppose, what the character needs and wants. Spellbound (1999) Written by Ben Hecht Based on the novel The House of Dr. Edwardes by Hillary St. George Sanders and John Palmer and an adaptation by Angus McPhail

38. Mystic Forces • Mystic forces might be seen as gods and goddesses who control the fate of man from above. The Exorcist (1973) Written by William Peter Blatty Based on his novel

39. Mystic Forces (Continued) • These might include ghosts, demons and cosmic entities. The Ring (2002) Written by Ehren Kruger Based on the screenplay Ringu by Hiroshi Takahashi Based on the novel Ringu by Koji Suzuki

40. Crisis • Each time a protagonist confronts an obstacle, he encounters a crisis, or definite point of conflict in the action. • The action may be an attempt to reach a goal or capture a stake, but because there is an obstruction, the hero cannot prevail – at least for the moment.

41. Crisis (Continued) • Because the outcome remains uncertain, the viewer should be uncertain whether or not the protagonist will prevail, and be drawn deeper into the story. The Muppet Movie (1979) Written by Jack Burns & Jerry Juhl

42. Crisis (Continued) • Dramatizing a crisis and how the characters respond to it helps define them as well as demonstrate their commitment to their goals. • Crises involve a combination of physical, verbal, emotional, and intellectual activity on the part of one or more of the characters.

43. Crisis (Continued) • Crises build crises, and these escalate and intensify the action until the climax is reached. Crises should put the outcome of the climax in doubt.

44. Complications • Complications are factors that enter the world of the story and make things tougher for the protagonist. The strongest complications cause a change in the action. • Complications differ from obstacles in that they don’t pose an immediate threat to the protagonist achieving his goal, but they can make it more difficult to attain by temporarily diverting him. A great complication can become an obstacle later in the story.

45. Complications (Continued) • They work best when they’re unexpected, and add tension because we know they’re taking the hero away from his real concern. • Typically, complications arise in the form of character, circumstance, event, mistake, misunderstanding or discovery. • In short film, plot is usually more developed around obstacles than complications because of time.

46. The Midpoint • The period of rising action – Act II – can be the longest segment of the film and so the build in tension must be constant. • A strong midpoint can help by focusing the action on the first half at whatever you have planned. • At the midpoint, something significant happens that makes it look like the protagonist may have won.

47. The Main Crisis • In order to reach the climax, the conflict must intensify and increase, causing the action to rise for the last time. The struggle between the protagonist and the antagonist comes out into the open. Now there must be a definite solution to the problem that will sort itself out in the climax of the film.

48. The Climax • The climax is the highest, most exciting point in the drama. Here the conflict must finally be resolved, one way or another. • The climax involves a discovery or realization for the characters, or at least the audience. • In film, the best climax is visual and emotional, not internal. In other words, the audience must see the climax unfold.

49. The Resolution • At the end of the film is the resolution or falling action. • This final part of the structure realigns the screenplay’s world as a result of the climax, fixing the fates of the characters involved in the struggle. • The best resolution bestows a final insight or revelation to the story, which puts everything into context by elucidating the theme.

50. Assignments Beverly Hills Cop (1984) Written by Danilo Bach (story) and Daniel Petrie, Jr. (story and screenplay) Lesson 6: Part IV