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Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System. 1. Interoceptors. 2 types motor neurons (reflex). Same effector. Adjustments = optimal support. “maintain homeostasis”. Major input:. Special senses, pain. Major output. Sympathetic motor neurons. Parasympathetic motor neurons.

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Autonomic Nervous System

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  1. Autonomic Nervous System 1 Interoceptors 2 types motor neurons (reflex) Same effector Adjustments = optimal support “maintain homeostasis” Major input: Special senses, pain Major output Sympathetic motor neurons Parasympathetic motor neurons

  2. Autonomic vs. Somatic 2 Protective reflex All general All special Interoceptors Somatic Pain Taste Sight Hearing Sensations Control Involuntary Voluntary Integration Centers Hypothalamus Limbic system Brain stem Cerebral cortex Basal ganglia Cerebellum

  3. Autonomic vs. Somatic Narrow Wide Rapid response Slow, sustained response Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Excitatory Excitatory/inhibitory Norepinephrine Excitatory/inhibitory Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Synaptic end bulb Axon terminals Varicosities Synaptic clefts Neurotransmitter Effector Skeletal muscle 3

  4. Autonomic vs. Somatic 4 or Rate of contraction Or secretions Contraction or Relaxation Contraction Responses Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands

  5. Roles of the ANS Divisions 5 Housekeeping activities ATP ATP Parasympathetic division - “resting & digesting” Low energy Brain waves = α “D” Digestion, defecation, diuresis Sympathetic division - “fight or flight” Pounding heart, rapid breathing, dilated eyes Constricts blood vessels to visceral organs Brain waves = β “E” Exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment

  6. Parasympathetic Motor Unit – 2 neuron chain 6 Postganglionic neuron Class C Class B Postganglionic axon Preganglionic neuron Preganglionic axon CNS Acetylcholine Acetylcholine Excitatory Excitatory except cardiac Axon length: Long preganglionic Short postganglionic Ganglia location: Terminal ganglia

  7. Parasympathetic Organization 7 S2 – S4 Urinary bladder Pelvic splanchnic Ureters Reproductive Distal colon Craniosacral Brain stem: Preganglionic Postganglionic Effector III Orbits Smooth muscles VII Maxilla, mandible Nasal, lacrimal, salivary IX Greater wing Parotid glands X Within walls Viscera Sacrum: Preganglionic Postganglionic Effector Within walls

  8. Parasympathetic Smooth - focus III VII Lacrimal, mucosa IX X Salivary Parotid Heart Lungs Digestive S2 – S4 Distal colon Reproductive Urinary Class B Craniosacral 8

  9. Sympathetic Organization 9 Norepinephrine CNS Postganglionic axon Preganglionic axon Acetylcholine (+) or (-) Excitatory Class C Class B Acetylcholine Excitatory Short preganglionic Axon length: Long postganglionic Ganglia location: Sympathetic chains Prevertebral All effectors Preganglionic neuron Sweat glands

  10. Sympathetic Organization 10 Salivary & lacrimal Eyes Pineal Heart & lungs Digestive tract Spleen Pancreas Bladder External genitals Kidney Adrenal glands Epinephrine, norepinephrine Thoracolumbar Lateral horns Preganglionic Postganglionic Effector T1 – L2 Sympathetic chain Splanchnic Prevertebral T9

  11. Sympathetic Skin Trunk Splanchnic T1 – L2 Digestive Prevertebral Reproductive, urinary Class C Smooth Glands Cardiac Smooth Liver Lateral Class B Thoracolumbar 11

  12. ANS Cholinergic Fibers 12 Secrete acetylcholine Location: All preganglionic axons Parasympathetic postganglionic axons Sympathetic postganglionic axons to sweat glands

  13. Nicotinic Receptors - Acetylcholine 13 Location: Receptive component all Postganglionic neurons Hormone-producing cells of adrenal gland Response : Depolarization and excitation Release of neurotransmitter or hormone

  14. Muscarinic Receptors - Acetylcholine 14 Location: All parasympathetic target organs Response : Depolarization and excitation Hyperpolarization of cardiac muscle Location: One sympathetic effector Response: Activation of eccrine sweat glands

  15. Adrenergic Fibers 15 Viscera Secrete norepinephrine Location: Sympathetic postganglionic axons Receptors: Constricts vessels Alpha - excite Sphincters Dilates eyes Beta - inhibit Smooth muscle relaxes Airways dilate Vasodilation - skeletal muscles Relaxes GI tract Exception: Cardiac muscles contracts Hormones released by adrenal glands

  16. Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic 16 Rate & force Blood vessels to: Skeletal muscles Rate & force Motility Salivary, Gastric Intestinal glands Motility Secretion Bile release Secretion Bile release Glucose release Dilation Constriction Eye pupils Heart Airways dilate Airways constrict Lungs N/A Dilate N/A GI tract Constrict GI smooth musc Urinary bladder Relaxes Contracts Gallbladder Liver N/A

  17. ANS Reflex Arc 17 Spinal cord interneurons Hypothalamus Brain stem Monitor chemicals, stretch, irritation Receptors - Interoceptors Visceral sensory unipolar Integration Center - Motor neurons - 2 neuron chain Effectors - Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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