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Italia: il bel paese. 1. A Brief History. Prehistory. Remains of Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age cultures Nomadic Tribes move south across the Alps: Celts, Veneti Hunters seeking game and fish Farmers seeking fertile land. Early History. Greeks: Sicily and Southern Italy (800 BC)
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Prehistory • Remains of Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age cultures • Nomadic Tribes move south across the Alps: Celts, Veneti • Hunters seeking game and fish • Farmers seeking fertile land
Early History • Greeks: Sicily and Southern Italy (800 BC) • Etruscans: Tuscany, the Po River Valley and south to the Tiber River (800 BC) Agrigento Etruscan Tomb
The Roman Empire Rise and expansion of the Empire Roman world domination begins (172 BC) Greatest extent of the Empire (117 AD)
Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople, Turkey in 330 AD
Decline and Fall of Rome • Invasions by the Goths & Vandals (400’sAD) • Conquest of Italy by the Lombards (568 AD)
The Dark Ages • The Holy Roman Empire • Pepin, King of the Franks, defeats the Lombards in northern Italy (754 AD) and gives land to the Pope (The Papal States of central Italy)
Breakup of the Holy Roman Empire • In 843 AD, after Charlemagne’s death, the Empire was partitioned among his sons.
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The Middle Ages • Rule by Germans or Austrians in north • Rule by Normans or Spanish in south • Rise of Feudalism
The Middle Ages: Rise of the Roman Catholic Church Rome converted and absorbed the waves of northern barbarians who came over the Alps Latin remained the common language of educated people in the West and of the Church
Rise of the Italian City-States • Control by wealthy families: • Florence the Medici • Ferrara the Este • Mantua the Gonzaga • Milan the Sforza and the Visconti • Rimini the Malatesta • Venice: wealthy families elected Doges
Firenze and the Medici Panorama of Firenze
The Gonzaga family in Mantua La Piazza: Mantova
The Sforza family in Milan Castello Sforzesco
Wealthy families of Venice elected the Doge The Doge’s Palace
The Renaissance: 1400-1600 • Rebirth of all the arts and culture begins in the City-States of Italy • Wealthy bankers and merchants support artists, architects, intellectuals, etc. • Italian ideals set enduring standards for art in the Western world, influenced writers & architects, and encouraged intellectual pursuits
Michelangelo Buonarroti La Pieta Moses
Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa The Last Supper
The end of the Renaissance • Political stress: • France and Spain’s rivalry over Italy • City-states passed among various European rulers through war, marriage, treaty, death • The Papacy held on to the Papal States • Spain the chief power in Italy: 1559-1713 • House of Savoy rules Piedmont & Sardinia
Italy: 1494 Rivalry of Spain and France over territories in Italy By 1544: Spain ruled Sicily, Naples & Milan
1600-1815 • Italy remains split into a dozen separate states while European nations are forming • The feudal system lingers on in the south Europe 1648
Napoleon conquers Italy in the 1790’s • After his defeat in 1815, most Italian states go back to their former rulers: • Lombardy-Venetia to Austria • Naples and Sicily to Spain
1815: Italy after Napoleon
The Risorgimento Hatred of foreign rule increases Liberation movement begun by Giuseppe Mazzini in Piedmont with the support of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia-Piedmont (House of Savoy) Scattered revolts in 1848 were unsuccessful Giuseppe Mazzini
Expansion begins • Under King Victor Emanuel I, son of Charles Albert, Count Camillo Cavour, the prime minister, made a treaty with France against Austria. Count Camillo Cavour
1859: Austria defeated • Italy gained Lombardy, but Austria kept Venetia
Expansion continues • 1859: Plebiscites held in Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Emilia. They voted to join Sardinia-Piedmont. • Napoleon III consented, but only after Nice and Savoy voted to join France.
General Garibaldi drives out the Bourbons from Sicily and Naples General Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unification of Italy • 1861: Victor Emanuel II crowned King of Italy • 1866: Venetia regained from Austria
1870: Papal States captured • The French army was assigned to protect the Papal States, but was called to join the fighting in the Prussian War. • The Italian army took the opportunity to capture the Papal States, thus adding central Italy to the union.
Constitutional Monarchy: 1870 - 1922 • Birth of modern Italy • Heavy taxation to pay war debts • Parliamentary government new and strange to many Italians • Economic growth supported the changes
The House of Savoy • King Umberto I, son of Victor Emanuel II, was assassinated • Victor Emanuel III becomes King
World War I • 1915: Italy rejected its standing alliances with Austria, Germany, and Hungary when Austria invaded Serbia. It joined the Allies (England, France, and Russia) • At the end of the war, the last two regions were joined to Italy: Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia.