Documenting Sources: MLA & APA

1. Documenting Sources:MLA & APA by Sharon Cronk-Raby

2. Why Document? • In research writing, it is the research that wins or loses an argument. • When you conduct research, you will find sources that support your main ideas. • When you use those sources in your paper, you must document those sources, which means giving credit to the sources where you find the information. • When you give credit to the original source, you give proper credit to the author, and you avoid Plagiarism!

3. Plagiarism • According to the 6th Edition of Kirszner & Mandell’s The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page 195, it states, “Plagiarism is presenting another person’s ideas or words as if they were your own.” • Intentional Plagiarism includes copying and pasting – word-for-word – from another place (internet, journal article, another student), on purpose, in the hopes of passing off that work as one’s own. • Unintentional Plagiarism includes improper use of quotation marks or improperly citing sources per one of the prescribed methods. • Additionally, the same Handbook, also on page 195, notes: “The most common cause of unintentional plagiarism is sloppy research habits.” • Don’t let short-term habits cost you long-term consequences ! ! !

4. Consequencesof Plagiarism • The consequences of Plagiarism could include: • Missed points on an assignment (if the plagiarism is unintentional and the assignment is a smaller one intended for learning documentation style) • A failing grade on the plagiarized work • A failing grade in the course • Expulsion from school

5. How To Document? • There are a variety of different citation styles, based on a person’s major or the college of attendance. • The 2 main documentation styles: • MLA (Modern Language Association) • http://www.mla.org/ • http://www.mla.org/style • http://www.mlahandbook.org • APA (American Psychological Association) • http://www.apa.org/

6. Another Helpful Web Site • Another helpful web site for all things grammar and writing: The OWL (Online Writing Lab) at Purdue: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

7. Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting • Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or quote from a source, you must document the ideas and/or the words! • Summary: Taking a long passage and condensing the ideas into your own words. A summary includes just the main ideas and is much shorter than the original work. You must document the source’s ideas even though you rewrite those ideas into your own words. • Paraphrase: Taking a passage and giving a detailed rephrasing in your own words. A paraphrased passage is roughly the same length as the original work. You must document the source’s ideas even though you rewrite those ideas into your own words. • Quote: Using a source’s exact words, complete with exact wording and punctuation. You must document the source’s exact words and their ideas in those exact words.

8. Direct Quotes • A direct quote must include an identifying tag, as well as the exact words of the source. • An identifying tag connects the writer’s words to the source’s words. • Typically, the tag sets up where the quote is from or whose words/idea it is.

9. Strong Verbs • Use strong verbs in your tags. • Instead of repeating “says” or “states” or “tells,” try other verbs, such as the following (though this is just a sampling, not a complete list!): acknowledges concludes implies proposes admits concurs indicates reports affirms discloses insists speculates believes explains notes suggests claims finds observes summarizes comments illustrates predicts warns

10. Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes • A tag can come at the Beginning, the Middle, or the End. Notice the punctuation between the tag and the quote, and pay attention to capitalization, too. • Beginning: John Smith, the Director of the Smell the Roses Institute, claims, “It is best to stop and smell the roses.” • Middle: “It is best,” John Smith, Director of the Smell the Roses Institute, acknowledges, “to stop and smell the roses.” • End: “It is best to stop and smell the roses,” argues John Smith, Director of the Smell the Roses Institute. • The above examples are examples of tags; later, we will discuss the additional MLA or APA documentation that is required.

11. Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes • A colon can be used in a tag to set up a quote. • Remember, to use a colon correctly, a full sentence must be used before the colon. • John Smith, Director of the Smell the Roses Institute, has spent a lifetime analyzing the effect of roses on health: “When one takes time to smell the roses, one can be happiest.” • The above examples are examples of tags; later, we will discuss the additional MLA or APA documentation that is required.

12. Types of Tagsfor Direct Quotes • A blended quote connects the words and ideas of the writer and of the source in a different way, with different punctuation and capitalization. The words and ideas from the writer and from the source blend together into one full and complete sentence, and it is only through the quotation marks that a reader can discern where one’s words end and the other’s words begin. The citation (to be discussed in full in later slides) is where the credit is given. • MLA: Every person, at least once every day, should “stop and smell the roses” (Smith 95). • APA: Every person, at least once every day, should “stop and smell the roses” (Smith, 2009, p. 8).

13. 2 Parts of Documentation • In order to give full and proper credit to a source, you must include 2 parts: • In the body of the paper, whenever you summarize, paraphrase, or quote from a source, you must use a properly formatted in-text citation. • For every source you use and cite in the body of your paper, you must include a fully-formatted entry on the Works Cited page (MLA) or References page (APA).

14. EXAMPLES forWorks Cited (MLA) or References (APA) In the next several slides, some examples will be provided of the most common types of sources. However, this PowerPoint is not meant as a substitution for a style manual; it is meant as additional clarification to be used in conjunction with a style manual.

15. A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited Anthology MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name Middle [if given]. “Title of Story, Play, or Poem.” Name of the Edited Anthology. Editors name [Ed. stands for Edited by, so do not use Eds. for more than 1 editor]. Edition. City of Publication: Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Start-End page numbers. Type of source. Chopin, Kate. “The Storm.” Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2010. 313-17. Print.

16. A Short Story, Play, Or Poemin an Edited Anthology APA: Author’s Last Name, Fist Initial. Middle Initial [if given]. (Year). Title of story, play, or poem. In First Initial. Middle Initial. [if given] Last Name (Ed.) [or Eds. for more than one editor], Name of edited anthology (p. for one page, pp. for multiple pages). City [or City, State – if an unknown city]: Name of Publisher. Lorde, A. (1984). Age, race, and class. In P.S. Rothenberg (Ed.), Racism and sexism: An integrated study (pp. 352-360). New York: St. Martin’s Press.

17. Book: 1 Author MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name Middle Name [if given]. Book Title. City of Publication: Abbreviated Name of Publisher, year. Print. Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. New York: Knopf, 1976. Print.

18. Book: 1 Author APA: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. [if given]. (Year). Name of book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher. Maslow, A. H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

19. Book: multiple authors Notice the order of authors’ names: MLA: Authors Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Name of Book. City of Publication: Abbreviated Name of Publisher, Year of Publication. Print. Peters, Michael A., and Nicholas C. Burbules. Poststructuralism and Educational Research. Lanham: Rowman, 2004. Print.

20. Book: multiple authors Notice the order of authors’ names: APA: Author’s Last Name, First Initial., Last Name, First Initial, & Last Name, First Initial. (Year of Publication). Name of Book. City of Publication: Name of Publisher. Wolfinger, D., Knable, P., Richards, H.L., & Silberger, R. (2007). The chronically unemployed. New York: Berman Press.

21. Database Sources: Definition • Most colleges, universities, and libraries subscribe to the same academic databases. Here is a sampling: • InfoTrac OneFile Plus • MasterFILE Premier • LexisNexis • ProQuest • EBSCOHost • Gale • Academic Premier • Wilson • Facts on File • In these databases, there is a compilation of many sources (usually sources that were formerly in print). • Peer-Reviewed sources are the most reliable! • To give full and proper credit, you need to give credit to the author, as well as to the original publication; you also need to provide the path for how you found the information.

22. A Scholarly Journal Article(annual publication)from an Online Database MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name Middle [if given]. “Title of Article.” Name of Journal Article volume.issue (year of publication): start-end page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day Abbreviated Month Year [date retrieved]. Schaefer, Richard J. “Editing Strategies in Television News Documentaries.” Journal of Communication 47.4 (1997): 69-89. InfoTrac OneFile Plus. Web. 2 Oct. 2002.

23. A Scholarly Journal Article(annual publication)from an Online Database APA: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (year). Title of article. Name of Journal Article, volume, start-end page numbers. Retrieved from URL. Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 27, 581-593. Retrieved from http://proquest.com/social.27.org.aspx/227. com

24. A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Magazine Month Year: start-end page numbers. Name of Database. Web. Day Abbreviated Month Year. [date retrieved] Livermore, Beth. “Meteorites on Ice.” Astronomy July 1993: 54-58. Expanded Academic ASAP Plus. Web. 12 Nov. 2003. Wright, Karen. “The Clot Thickens.” Discover Dec. 1999: n. pag. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 10 Oct. 2003.

25. A Monthly Magazine Articlefrom an Online Database APA: Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial [if given]. (Date listed as Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine, volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved from URL. Livermore, B. (1993, July). Meteorites on ice. Astronomy, 16(3), 54-58. Retrieved from http://academicasap.edu/meteor_ aspx_853.com

26. A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database MLA: Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper Day Abbreviated Month Year: section pages. Name of Database. Web. Day Abbreviated Month Year. (date retrieved) Meyer, Greg. “Answering Questions about the West Nile Virus.” Dayton Daily News 11 July 2002: Z3-7. LexisNexis. Web. 17 Feb. 2003.

27. A Newspaper Articlefrom an Online Database APA: Author’s Last Name, First Initial. (Date listed as Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of newspaper, p. section/#. Retrieved from URL. Meyer, G. (2002, July 11). Answering questions about the West Nile Virus. Dayton Daily News, Z3-7. Retrieved from http:ebscohost.org.z37.west_nile.org/200211.htm

28. Internet Sources: Definition • An Internet source is an online source that does not come from a database. • An Internet search is a general web search using a browser, such as Google or Yahoo. • Be careful of the Internet information you use in a research paper!!! • Google Scholar: More likely to find reputable sources (but verify each source individually based on its own merits) –http://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en&tab=ws • Avoid Wikipedia in academic writing ! ! !

29. Internet Sites According to the 6th edition of Kirszner & Mandell’s The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page 223, it notes: “MLA style recognizes that full source information for Internet sources is not always available. Include in your citation whatever information you can reasonably obtain: the author or editor of the site (if available); the name of the site (italicized); the version number of the source (if applicable); the name of any institution or sponsor (if unavailable, include the abbreviation N.p. for “no publisher”); the date of electronic publication or update (if unavailable, include the abbreviation n.d. for “no date of publication”); the publication medium (Web); and the date you accessed the source.”

30. Internet Sites MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Web Site. Sponsor of Site, Date of Publication listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. Web. Date Retrieved listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. <URL>. [If the brackets disappear when you hit enter, hit the “undo” or “back” button, which is typically a blue arrow.] Baard, Mark. “Will Genetic Engineering Kill Us?” Wired News. Lycos, 16 Apr. 2003. Web. 12 Feb. 2004. <www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,58467, 00.html>.

31. Internet Sites According to the 6th edition of Kirszner & Mandell’s The Brief Wadsworth Handbook, on page 260, it notes: “APA guidelines for documenting electronic sources focus on Web sources, which often do not include all the bibliographic information that print sources do. For example, Web sources may not include page numbers or a place of publication. At a minimum, a Web citation should have a title, a date (the date of publication, update, or retrieval), and a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) (when available) or an electronic address (URL). If possible, also include the author(s) of a source. When you need to divide a URL at the end of a line, break it before a slash or period (do not add a hyphen). Do not add a period at the end of the URL.”

32. Internet Sites APA: Author’s Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Name of publication, volume(issue), start-end page numbers. doi: # Yip, T., Gee, G.C., & Takeuchi, D.T. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: The impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrants and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology, 44(3), 787-800. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.787

33. Article in an Online Magazine(not from a Database) MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Web Site. Name of Publication, Date of Original Publication listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. Web. Date Retrieved listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. <URL>. [If the brackets disappear when you hit enter, click the back/undo arrow.] Weiser, Jay. “The Tyranny of Informality.” Time. Time, 26 Feb. 1996. Web. 1 Mar. 2002. <www.time.com/tyrannyof/333987/up/76.html>.

34. Article in an Online Magazine(not from a Database) APA: Author’s Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Magazine, volume(issue), start-end page numbers. Retrieved from URL. McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/intelligence_ 466163.J1983.html

35. Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a Database) MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Web Site. Name of Newspaper, date of newspaper listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. Web. Date Accessed listed as Day Abbreviated Month Year. <URL>. [If the brackets disappear when you hit enter, click the back/undo button.] Wyatt, Edward. “Electronic Device Stirs Unease at Book Fair.” New York Times. New York Times, 2 June 2008. Web. 12 June 2008. <www.nyt.com.bookfair_org_asp.135790. com>.

36. Article in an Online Newspaper(not from a Database) APA: Author’s Last Name, First/Middle Initials. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Name of Newspaper, page numbers. Retrieved from URL James, W.R (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14. Retrieved from www.wallstreetjournal.com/healthcare/1993_11_16.A1A14_wsj.htm

37. In-Text Citations • An in-text citation includes limited information so as to not interrupt the flow of the written information, but it provides enough to give credit for the summarized, paraphrased, or quoted material. • An in-text citation leads the reader to the source – alphabetically – on the Works Cited page (MLA) or the References page (APA), where the full information about the source can be found.

38. Examples of In-Text Citations MLA: The In-Text Citation for an MLA-formatted reference will include the author’s last name (or whatever piece of information appears first in the entry, if no author is given) and page number – with no punctuation between the two items.

39. Examples of In-Text Citations MLA: Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in the sentence: Tom Smith agrees that the grass is greener on the other side of the fence (95). Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in the sentence: The grass is greener on the other side of the fence (Smith 95).

40. Examples of In-Text Citations MLA: Direct Quote, with the author included in the tag: Tom Smith claims, “On the other side of the fence, one might think the grass is greener” (95). Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag: According to the author, “On the other side of the fence, one might think the grass is greener” (Smith 95).

41. Examples of In-Text Citations APA: The In-Text Citation for an APA-formatted reference will include the author’s last name (or whatever piece of information appears first in the entry, if no author is given) and the year of the source – with a comma between the two pieces of information. For the In-Text Citation for a Direct Quote, also add the page number (if available). If the page number is not available, use a paragraph number instead. Abbreviate “page” as “p.” Abbreviate “pages” as “pp.” Abbreviate “paragraph” as “para.” or use the symbol for paragraph.

42. Examples of In-Text Citations APA: Summary/Paraphrase, with the author included in the sentence: Tom Smith (2009) agrees that the grass is greener on the other side of the fence. Summary/Paraphrase, with no author included in the sentence: The grass is greener on the other side of the fence (Smith, 2009).

43. Examples of In-Text Citations APA: Direct Quote, with the author included in the tag: Tom Smith (2009) claims, “On the other side of the fence, one might think the grass is greener” (p. 95). Direct Quote, with no author named in the tag: According to the author, “On the other side of the fence, one might think the grass is greener” (Smith, 2009, p. 95).

44. Formatting Notes • 1” Margins • 12-Point Fonts • Double Spacing • Page Headers: • MLA: Writer’s Last Name page number • APA: Title page number • The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should start flush at the left margin & be indented after the first line. • The Works Cited (MLA) or References (APA) should be alphabetized.

45. Questions ?