Understanding Child Development Theories: A Comprehensive Guide

1. Learning Theories

2. Theories Theories help people: • Organize their ideas about raising children. • Understand influences on parenting. • Discover more than one way to interact with children. • Analyze the benefits and consequences of using more than one theory.

3. Areas of Development • Physical: • body size, body proportions, appearance, brain development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health. • Cognitive: • thought processes and intellectual abilities including attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday knowledge, metacognition, and language. • Social/Emotional: • self-knowledge (self-esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, ethnic identity), moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions, self-regulation, temperament, understanding others, interpersonal skills, and friendships. **Development is described in three domains, but growth in one domain influences the other domains.

4. Physical Theories Beliefs that describe the physical development of a child’s learning abilities.

5. Child Development • Definition: • Change in the child that occurs over time. Changes follow an orderly pattern that moves toward greater complexity and enhances survival. • Periods of development: • Prenatal period: from conception to birth • Infancy and toddlerhood: birth to 2 years • Early childhood: 2-6 years old • Middle childhood: 6-12 years old • Adolescence: 12-19 years old

6. 20th Century Theories about children's development expanded around the world. • Childhood was seen as worthy of special attention. • Laws were passed to protect children,

7. Cognitive Theories Beliefs that describe how children learn

8. Jean Piaget - 1896-1980 The behavior of children and the development of their thinking can only be explained by the interaction of nature (intrinsic development) and nurture (extrinsic environmental factors). Goal of cognitive development – Biological survival Cognitive development as biological adaptation – Adaptation of mental constructs from experiences – Learner as ‘the little scientist’ Knowledge originates from the environment – Assimilation + accommodation lead to equilibrium – Cognitive development involves active selection, interpretation, and construction of knowledge

9. Cognitive Development Theory Two processes are essential for development: • Assimilation • Learning to understand events or objects, based on existing structure. • Accommodation • Expanding understanding, based on new information. Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

10. Piaget Children pass through specific stages as they develop their Cognitive Development skills: • Sensorimotor – birth - 2 years – infants develop their intellect • Preoperational – 2-7 years – children begin to think symbolically and imaginatively • Concrete operational – 7-12 years – children learn to think logically • Formal operational – 12 years – adulthood – adults develop critical thinking skills

11. Lev Vygotsky - 1896-1934 • Development is primarily driven by language, social context and adult guidance. • The cultures in which children are raised and the ways in which they interact with people influence their intellectual development. • From their cultural environments, children learn values, beliefs, skills, and traditions that they will eventually pass on to their own children. Through cooperative play, children learn to behave according to the rules of their cultures. • Learning is an active process. • Learning is constructed.

12. Zone of Proximal Development It is a range of tasks that a child cannot yet do alone but can accomplish when assisted by a more skilled partner. There is a zone of proximal development for each task. When learners are in the zone, they can benefit from the teacher’s assistance. Learners develop at different rates so they may differ in their ability to benefit from instructions.

14. Social & Emotional Learning Theories Beliefs that describe the importance of the environment and nurturing in the growth of a child

15. Maslow’s Theory Abraham Maslow’s theory maintains that a person does not feel a higher need until the needs of the current level have been satisfied. Maslow's basic needs are as follows:

19. Newly Designed Inquiry Based Information Literacy Techniques

21. Example Lesson Plan :The Big 6: Application

22. Resources • https://thebig6.org/ • http://ismanilamsmc.weebly.com/big-6-for-teachers.html • https://www.rock.k12.nc.us/Page/3724 • https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/18/research-using-big6-skills-better-grades

23. References • https://www.slideshare.net/JannaVH/com101-lesson-plan • schoolwires.henry.k12.ga.us/cms/lib08/.../ChildDev%20theories%202%20Update.ppt • schoolwires.henry.k12.ga.us/cms/lib08/.../ChildDev%20theories%202%20Update.ppt • http://www.teach-nology.com/lessons/lsn_pln_view_lessons.php?action=view&cat_id=3&lsn_id=579 • http://aniqiyah09luluk.blogspot.com/2012/12/teori-perkembangan-vygotsky.html