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Europe: From Late 19th Century to WWI and Beyond

Explore the era of New Imperialism, the Great Power system, WWI, aftermath, Paris Peace Conference, Russian Revolution, and rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany. Dive into political ideologies, causes of WWI, Paris Peace Conference outcomes, post-war Europe, Russian Revolutions, and the rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany.

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Europe: From Late 19th Century to WWI and Beyond

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  1. Review: EUH3206 From Late 19th Century to 1936: New Imperialism, Great Power System Road to WWI WWI and its Aftermath; Paris Peace Conference; Russian Revolution and Civil War Rise of Fascism in Italy and Germany

  2. Readings: • Conan Fischer, Europe Between Democracy and Dictatorship, Chapters 1-6 (relevant sections). • Aspects of Western Civilization, Part II., Chapters 8-12 (relevant sections).

  3. Background material Intellectual/Cultural themes of the 19th century: Positivism – A. Comte, H. Spencer, K. Marx Liberalism – J. Bentham, J.S. Mill Conservatism – E. Burke, B. Disraeli, Joseph de Maistre Socialism/Anarchism/Marxism – Marx/Engels, K. Kautsky, V. Lenin, M. Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin

  4. 19th Century Background Social Darwinism – T.H. Huxley, A. Gobineau (Racism) Nationalism – Italy, Germany, Balkan countries Imperialism: Africa (Scramble for Africa) and Asia (Unequal treaties, concessions in China)

  5. Background to WWI • Great Powers and their relative position to one another: Germany, Italy, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. • Alliances of Great Powers: • Triple Alliance (Germany, A-H, Italy), 1882 • Dual Alliance (France, Russia), 1894

  6. Great Powers, cont. • Entente Cordiale (France, Great Britain), 1904. 1907 (France, Great Britain, Russia) • Types of alliances/diplomatic relations between 1879 and 1914? Why were these countries allied? Did these alliances create a web of interlocking commitments which led to war?

  7. Great Powers, cont. • Causes of WWI: Diplomatic ties; militant nationalism; imperial tensions (Morocco, Bosnia, Balkan Wars, Military planning). Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911 Bosnian crisis, 1908 Balkan wars, 1912-1913 Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

  8. First World War, 1914-1918 • How did war start? • What was war about? • What kind of war was it? (Stalemate/trench warfare, Total War, etc.) • Role of propaganda • Role of Home Front

  9. First World War • What were the major turning points of the war: • 1914 – Battle of Marne • 1915 -- Unrestricted submarine warfare, Gallipoli • 1916 -- Verdun, Somme • 1917 -- Russia leaves the war US joins it.

  10. End of War • 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, German Spring offensive. • Who won the war? Why did they win? • Expectations of victors? Punish Germany, establish a “new” Europe based on Wilson’s 14 points (issued in January, 1918).

  11. Russian Revolutions, 1917 • Russia during WWI and in the post-war era: • Political/Social Background: • Types of political parties on the left: Marxists (Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists)

  12. Russian Revolutions, 1917- • Russian Revolution of March, 1917 – Provisional Government est., Soviets share power with new PG. • October, 1917 – Storming of the Winter Palace, beginning of Bolshevik-led revolution • Revolution and Civil War, 1918-1921 • Opposing sides: Reds (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs, Anarchists) vs. Whites (monarchists, military, liberals, traditionalists)

  13. Reasons for Bolshevik victory? • Party organization – “What is to be done?” • Cheka – created 1917 • Propaganda (Agit-prop) -- Posters, lectures, etc. • Revolutionary Utopia: Winning over the people: ending the war, promising a new world… • Leadership (Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin). • Red Army -- Trotsky

  14. Aftermath of WWI • Significance of Paris Peace Conference, 1919-1920 (winners and losers, League of Nations, treaties, etc.) • Treaties: Versailles, Trianon, Saint Germain, Sevrès. • New Europe? What did it look like? What had changed? (Borders, new countries, new political systems, continuation of “old” politics…) • New Countries: Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Balkan states (Yugoslavia), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria, Poland.

  15. Map of Post-FWW Europe

  16. Aftermath of war, 1919- • Pros- and Cons- of Post War European Settlement: Diplomatic arrangements? Economic conditions? Political conditions in Victorious countries/Vanquished countries. • Fate of Imperialism? (Middle East, Africa, Asia)

  17. Fate of Great Power system Italy in the post-war era: rise of fascism (causes and consequences, 1919-1934) What is fascism? Major ideological tenets: Statism, Corporatism, Anti-Enlightenment, Belief in Violence… Role of Mussolini (Il Duce)?

  18. Germany Germany in the post-war era: rise of Nazism, Weimar interlude. Communist uprising, 1919 Right-wing coup attempts, 1920,1923. Define Weimar Republic (dates?) and know about political, economic, social circumstances which gave rise to extremist movements.

  19. Weimar Germany, cont. • Ideological/Political features of Nazi movement to 1934? • Fate of Left-wing movements in Weimar? • Cultural legacy of Weimar (Bauhaus/Mies van der Rohe, W. Gropius; Art/Otto Dix, Georg Grosz, Kirchner, Literature/M. Remarque, H. and T. Mann)

  20. Fascism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1934 • Contrasts/comparisons between Fascism and Nazism. • National and international policies pursued by Italians and Germans in interwar period?

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