Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test

1. Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 7 E & F

2. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) Analyze major military events of World War II, including the Battle of Midway, the U. S. military advancement through the Pacific islands, the Bataan Death March, the invasion of Normandy, fighting the war on multiple fronts, & the liberation of concentration camps

3. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 1 Analyze major military events of World War II, including the Battle of Midway

5. The Battle of Midway June 4-7, 1942 One of the most important naval battles of World War II Admirals Chester W. Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, & Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attack by the Imperial Japanese Navy inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet. Military historian John Keegan called it “the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare.” It was Japan’s first naval defeat in 350 years. Coming six months after Pearl Harbor, it gave a tremendous boost to U. S. morale.

6. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) 4 Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including Chester A. Nimitz

7. Chester W. Nimitz Assuming command at the most critical period of the war in the Pacific, native Texan Admiral Nimitz successfully organized his forces to halt the Japanese advance despite the losses from the attack on Pearl Harbor and the shortage of ships, planes and supplies. As rapidly as ships, men, and material became available, Nimitz shifted to the offensive and defeated the Japanese navy in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the pivotal Battle of Midway, & in the Solomon Islands Campaign.

8. The Japanese operation, like the earlier attack on Pearl Harbor, sought to eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The Japanese hoped that another demoralizing defeat would force the U.S. to capitulate in the Pacific War and thus ensure Japanese dominance in the Pacific. The Japanese plan was to lure the United States’ aircraft carriers into a trap. The Japanese also intended to occupy Midway as part of an overall plan to extend their defensive perimeter in response to the Doolittle air raid on Tokyo. This operation was also considered preparatory for further attacks against Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii. The plan was handicapped by faulty Japanese assumptions of the American reaction and poor initial dispositions. Most significantly, American code breakers were able to determine the date and location of the attack, enabling the forewarned U.S. Navy to set up an ambush of its own.

9. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 2 Analyze major military events of World War II, including the U. S. military advancement through the Pacific islands

10. Amphibious Landing Pacific Theater Battlefield Lexicon A landing made by sea Island Hopping Taking only the strategic Japanese-held islands and by-passing other more strongly fortified ones

13. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 3 Analyze major military events of World War II, including the Bataan Death March

15. The Bataan Death March began on April 9, 1942. It was the forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 60,000–80,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war after the three-month Battle of Bataan in the Philippines.  Approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach their destination at Camp O'Donnell. The reported death tolls vary, especially amongst Filipino POWs, because historians cannot determine how many prisoners blended in with the civilian population and escaped. The 80-mile march went from Mariveles, Bataan, to San Fernando, Pampanga. From San Fernando, survivors were loaded to a box train and they were brought to Camp O'Donnell in Capas, Tarlac.

16. It was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse—beatings, bayonettings, denial of food & water all on top of heat exhaustion in the tropical heat—and even murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted upon prisoners and civilians alike by the Japanese Army, and was later judged by an Allied military commission to be a Japanese war crime. Once they arrived in Balanga, the overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene caused dysentery and other diseases to rapidly spread among the prisoners. The Japanese failed to provide them with medical care. Even after arriving at Camp O'Donnell, the survivors of the march continued to die at a rate of 30–50 per day.

17. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 4 Analyze major military events of World War II, including the invasion of Normandy

18. Operation Overlord The Code name for the Allied invasion of Western Europe D-Day—June 6, 1944 At 6:30 a.m., the largest amphibious invasion in history began. It became the beginning of the end for Hitler’s dream of a Thousand Year German Reich.

19. What Was Necessary for Success on June 6, 1944? • Huge reserve of supplies • Secrecy • Clear weather

21. The Invasion of Normandy was the invasion and establishment of Western Allied forces in Normandy, during Operation Overlord in 1944. At the time it was the largest amphibious invasion to ever take place. -Day, the date of the initial assaults, was Tuesday June 6, 1944 Supreme command of the Allied armies went to Dwight Eisenhower. Before D-Day, he encouraged American G.I.’s as they prepared to participate in the “Normandy Invasion.” The Allied invasion force successfully stormed the Normandy beaches and set in motion a train of military events that would lead to the liberation of France and her the ultimate surrender of Hitler’s Third Riech.

22. The Normandy invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks and naval bombardments. In the early morning, amphibious landings began on five beaches. During the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. Land forces used on D-Day deployed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being Portsmouth. Only 10 days each month were suitable for launching the operation: a day near the full Moon was needed both for illumination during the hours of darkness and for the spring tide, the former to illuminate navigational landmarks for the crews of aircraft, gliders and landing craft, and the latter to expose defensive obstacles placed by the German forces in the surf on the seaward approaches to the beaches.

23. At a vital meeting on 5 June, Eisenhower’s chief meteorologist) forecast a brief improvement in the weather for June 6. On the strength of his forecast, Eisenhower ordered the invasion to proceed. The Germans meanwhile took comfort from the existing poor conditions, which were worse over Northern France than over the English Channel itself, and believed no invasion would be possible for several days. The Normandy landings were the first successful opposed landings across the English Channel in more than eight centuries.  Allied casualties & losses by July 24 are estimated variously between 113,000 & 1,200 soldiers

24. They were costly in terms of men, but the defeat inflicted on the Germans was one of the largest of the war. Strategically, the campaign led to the loss of the German position in most of France and the secure establishment of a new major front. In larger context the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern front, who were facing the bulk of the German forces and, to a certain extent, contributed to the shortening of the conflict there. Allied intelligence & counterintelligence efforts were successful beyond expectations. The Operation Fortitude deception before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas de Calais, and indeed high-quality German forces were kept in this area, away from Normandy, until July.

25. Allied air operations also contributed significantly to the invasion, via close tactical support, interdiction of German lines of communication (preventing timely movement of supplies and reinforcements—particularly the critical Panzer units), and rendering the Luftwaffe ineffective in Normandy. Despite initial heavy losses in the assault phase, Allied morale remained high. Casualty rates among all the armies were tremendous, and the Commonwealth forces had to use a recently created category—Double Intense—to be able to describe them. The Normandy invasion became the setting for the highly popular Steven Spielberg movie Saving Private Ryan

26. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 5 Analyze major military events of World War II, including fighting the war on multiple fronts Western allies (blue), Soviet & allies (red) and Axis (black), December, 1942

27. Military Operations • The Strategy of “Operation Torch” • Invasion of North Africa followed by. . . • Advances in the Mediterranean area • Why the Allied victory in North Africa was significant It opened the Mediterranean Sea to Allied shipping • It made invasion of Southern Europe possible • Other victories helping the Allied cause Coral Sea • Midway • Guadalcanal

28. The European Theater of action during World War II

29. The Pacific Theater of action during World War II

30. Areas of the World in Which Most of the Fighting Occurred The European Theater The Pacific Theater

31. Geography of the War • e. g., Sicily • Anzio • Stalingrad • English Channel • Normandy • New Guinea • Philippine Islands Allied leadership choose to take out what it believed to be the greater threat—Nazi German—and then finish off Japan . The challenge of a “two-front war” forced decisions about deployment of Allied resources. In the end . . .

32. German military leadership enjoyed conspicuous success in the early war years. Herman Goering’s Luftwaffe, along with the panzer unites of the Wehrmacht rolled over virtually all opposition. The latter war years proved more challenging for Germany. When Hitler failed to bomb Britain into submission in 1940 (the celebrated “Battle of Britain”), he made the same fatal error that Napoleon Bonaparte that made a century and a quarter earlier: invade Russia. Disregarding his earlier alliances with Joseph Stalin, Hitler sent his army east in search of lebensraum—living space—that the German people could enjoy over future generations of the anticipated “Thousand Year Reich.” If German division were successful in their early intrusions onto Russian soil. They met with the same fate as Napoleon’s Grand Armee. The rapid German advance bogged down. At the Battle for Stalingrad, the Germans foundered.

33. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (E) 6 Analyze major military events of World War II, including the liberation of concentration camps See also 7 D

34. An American soldier and liberated prisoners of the Mauthausen concentration camp—Austria, May 1945

35. The camps were liberated by the Allied and Soviet forces between 1944 and 1945. The first major camp, Majdanek, was discovered by the advancing Soviets on July 23, 1944. Aiscjwotz was liberated, also by the Soviets, on January 27, 1945; Buchenwald by the Americans on April 11; Bergen-Gelsen by the British on April 15; Dachau by the Americans on April 29; Ravensbrück by the Soviets on the same day; Mauthausen by the Americans on May 5; and Theresienstadt by the Soviets on May 8. • Colonel William W. Quinn of the U.S. 7th Army said of Dachau: “There our troops found sights, sounds, and stenches horrible beyond belief, cruelties so enormous as to be incomprehensible to the normal mind.”

36. Liberators confronted unspeakable conditions in the Nazi camps, where piles of corpses lay unburied. Only after the liberation of these camps was the full scope of Nazi horrors exposed to the world. The small percentage of inmates who survived resembled skeletons because of the demands of forced labor and the lack of food, compounded by months and years of maltreatment. Many were so weak that they could hardly move. Disease remained an ever-present danger, and many of the camps had to be burned down to prevent the spread of epidemics. Survivors of the camps faced a long and difficult road to recovery.

37. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including Omar Bradley, Dwight Eisenhower, Douglas MacArthur, Chester A. Nimitz, George Marshall, & George Patton Bradley Patton Eisenhower

38. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) 1 Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including Omar Bradley

39. Omar Nelson Bradley was a U. S. Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II, and a General of the Army. From the Normandy landings through the end of the war in Europe, Bradley had command of all U.S. ground forces invading Germany from the west; he ultimately commanded forty-three divisions and 1.3 million men, the largest body of American soldiers ever to serve under a U.S. field commander. General Bradley was the last of only nine people to hold five-star rank in the U. S. Armed Forces.

40. After 1943 service in North Africa & Sicily, Bradley moved to London as commander in chief of the American ground forces preparing to invade France in 1944. For D-Day, Bradley was chosen to command the US First Army, which alongside the British Second Army made up General Montgomery's 21st Army Group. • Later, Bradley's command took the initial brunt of what would become the Battle of the Bulge. • Unlike some of the more colorful generals of World War II, Bradley was polite and courteous in his public appearances. A reticent man, Bradley was first favorably brought to public attention by war correspondent Ernie Pyle, who was urged by General Eisenhower to “go and discover Bradley.” Pyle subsequently wrote several dispatches in which he referred to Bradley as the GI's general, a title that would stay with Bradley throughout his remaining career.

41. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) 2 Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including Dwight Eisenhower

42. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike” as he was known was commander of the Allied forces in Europe

43. Allied Expeditionary Force Supreme Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower • Dwight David “Ike” Eisenhower was a 5-star in the U. S. Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43; Operation Avalanche in Italy; and the costly but successful Operation Overlord, the successful invasion of France & Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front.

44. On June 23, 1942, he returned to London as Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA), based in London • In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944 he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. • He won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. Eisenhower at Germany’s unconditionally surrendered in May 7, 1945

45. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) 3 Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including Douglas MacArthur

46. Douglas MacArthur—commander of American forces in the Pacific Theater

47. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur played a prominent role in the Pacific Theater during World War II, receiving the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign, which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur Jr., the first father and son to be awarded the medal.

48. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army. • MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of U. S. Army Forces in the Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air forces on December 8, 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. • MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area.

49. MacArthur directed the Papuan Campaign (1942), the New Guinea Campaign (1943), & the Philippine Campaign (1944-1945) After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on September 2, 1945. His famous speech, in which he said, "I came through and I shall return", was first made at Terowie, a small town in South Australia, on March20, 1942. MacArthur signing the Japanese surrender aboard USS Missouri, Sep. 2,1945.

50. Supporting Standard (7) The Student understands the domestic & international impact of U. S. participation in World War II The Student is expected to: (F) 5 Evaluate the military contributions of leaders during World War II, including George C. Marshall