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Pascal HENDRIKX – French Embassy Barbara DUFOUR – Alfort Veterinary School

General principles of epidemiological surveillance Principles of development of a surveillance protocol. Pascal HENDRIKX – French Embassy Barbara DUFOUR – Alfort Veterinary School Sylvie AHOUSSOU – CIRAD Guadeloupe Nicolas EHRHARDT – CIRAD Guadeloupe. Some definitions.

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Pascal HENDRIKX – French Embassy Barbara DUFOUR – Alfort Veterinary School

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  1. General principles of epidemiological surveillancePrinciples of development of a surveillance protocol Pascal HENDRIKX – French Embassy Barbara DUFOUR – Alfort Veterinary School Sylvie AHOUSSOU – CIRAD Guadeloupe Nicolas EHRHARDT – CIRAD Guadeloupe

  2. Some definitions • Epidemiological surveillance • Epidemiological vigilance • Network of epidemiological surveillance

  3. Epidemiological surveillance • Definition • “Method of uninterrupted observationallowing to follow the situation of a disease or contaminants in a definite population and to study its development in time and space for the adoption of appropriated control measures” • (Toma and Al, 1993)‏ • “Film” of the evolution of the diseases or contaminants in the populations

  4. Emergence of an unknown disease Appearance of a known disease but absent of the country Epidemiological vigilance • “ Method of uninterrupted observationallowingto detectnew pathologicalentities orexotic diseases for the adoption of appropriated control measures “

  5. Network of epidemiological surveillance “ Group ofpeople or organizations structured to ensurethe surveillance on a given territory of one or more disease “

  6. E.V.N. Surveillance methods depend on the objectives of the surveillance Objectives • Definition of priorities • Choice of the control strategies • Evaluation of control activities • Emerging events • To identify research topics E.S.N.

  7. Difference between survey and epidemiological surveillance network • SURVEY • NETWORK • Limited in time = Photography • Uninterrupted = Film Number of data and information to be managed not known at the beginning Number of data and information to be managed known at the beginning of the survey

  8. Epidemiological survey and epidemiological surveillance

  9. Epidemiological surveillance and Control programme Control programme and monitoring Epidemiological surveillance Objective: production of epidemiological information on a disease for decision makers Objective: control or eradication of a disease Methods: • Medical: vaccination… • Sanitary: culling, quarantine, disinfection, control of animal movement • … • Method: • Collection, treatment and analysis of local data • Collection, treatment, analysis and diffusion of national data

  10. Surveillance networks

  11. Data Producers Markets, Slaughterhouses Central unit Surveillance post Provincial unit Borders Information Organization of a network Mobile team

  12. Different actors of a surveillance network Veterinary Services Farmers, animal owners, … CVO Animal Health assistants VEP Ministry of Public Health Who does what and how and when and for what disease…? Livestock technicians Public Health assistants Customs Laboratory

  13. Surveillance protocol • Formalize all steps of surveillance • Organization of the network • Activities to implement • Resources mobilised • In order to communicate with the surveillance actors • Field actors (Veterinarians and field technicians)‏ • Hierarchy / donors /Organizations • Follow-up the activities • Coordination of the network • External experts Why developing a surveillance protocol ?

  14. Plan of a protocol • Surveillance objectives • Institutional Organization • Population under surveillance • Case definition • Surveillance methodology • Data collection • Laboratory • Data management • Communication • Training • Evaluation

  15. Plan of a protocol • Surveillance objectives • Institutional Organization • Population under surveillance • Case definition • Surveillance methodology • Data collection • Laboratory • Data management • Communication • Training • Evaluation

  16. Objectives definition • Which disease(s) to supervise? • For which reason • To detect the appearance of a disease • To determine the real importance of a disease • To evaluate the results of a control plan • To sort the importance of various diseases

  17. Objectives : the traps • Confusion between control and surveillance • Example : • Eradicate a disease • Confusion between surveillance objectives and positive consequences of the network • Example • Diagnostic help • Increased presence of veterinarians in the field

  18. Plan of a protocol • Surveillance objectives • Institutional Organization • Population under surveillance • Case definition • Surveillance methodology • Data collection • Laboratory • Data management • Communication • Training • Evaluation

  19. Institutional organization Answer to • Who decides politically ? • Who manages technically ? • Centralization, analysis, feedback ... • Who collects data ? • Private veterinarians, technicians ... • Who provides data ?

  20. Institutional Organization Directors of ministries, laboratory, Private veterinarians, representative of producers STEERING COMMITTEE Veterinary services, laboratory, private veterinarians, specialists… CENTRAL LABORATORY TECHNICAL COMMITTEE CENTRAL UNIT – NETWORK’S MANAGER MOBILE TEAM SUB REGIONAL UNIT INTERMEDIATE LAB Animal health assistants, private vets, public health officers,… SURVEILLANCE POSTS FARMERS ABATTOIRS MARKETS BORDER POSTS

  21. Animation and maintenance • To organize sensitization and training activities • Data-collection for active networks • Activation of the “ passive “ networks • Problem management • Data analysis and participation to data interpretation • Feed-back • And … Much more !! Central role of the coordinator of a Surveillance Network

  22. Organization of the institutional relations • Role • To clarify the relations between partners • To lay downrules which will be used as support to regulate the difficulties • Method • Formalization • Role of each partner • Rights and duties of each one • Example ofthe charters

  23. Objectives of the charters • To formalize the relations between the partners of a network • To specify the operation of the network • To prevent the conflicts between the actors • Address the methods of access to the data

  24. Definition of a charter • Written convention formalizing the rights and duties of the partners of the network • Convention between the partners in order to regulate the operation problems

  25. Essential points of a charter • Recall ofthe objectives • Operation of the network (possibly)‏ • Rights and duties of each partner • Methods of flow of data • Technical procedures to respect • Time spans to be respected • Possible counterparts for the field actors • Access to the information and right of use • Methods of feedback and diffusion of information • Signature

  26. Methods of realization • Use of thesteering committee • Including representatives of the field actors • Discussion of all the operational aspects • Drafting of a project • By the coordinators of the network • Adoption by the steering committee • Signature by the various actors

  27. Regulation • Formalization of the structures and activities of the network • Institutional organization • Composition of the committees • Operational units composition • Field actors nomination • Prerequisite for the operation of the network

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