“Teaching” by Sharleen L. Kato

1. “Teaching” by Sharleen L. Kato Chapter 6 Early History of Education

2. http://quizlet.com/4549058/ 2 2

3. someone who learns a skilled trade by watching and helping someone in that trade. Apprentice 3 3

4. in early America, schools run by women in their own homes, and Parents paid a fee for their children to attend. Dame School 4 4

5. a flat wooden board with a handle. A sheet of paper—usually containing the alphabet, a prayer or two, and Roman numerals was pasted on the board. A thin, flat piece of clear animal horn was Attached to cover and protect the paper. Used during the Colonial Period. Hornbook 5 5

6. public schools available to children from all levels of Society. Common Schools 6 6

7. schools that prepared men and women with the necessary skills to become teachers. ______________________ The caption on this photo reads, "Junior Class," and is identified as "Texas Normal School for Negroes." Probably taken at Prairie View Normal Institute (now Prairie View A&M University), date unknown. A normal school trained teachers and provided the rough equivalent of today's high schools. Prairie View was founded in 1879. Prints and Photographs Collection, Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Normal Schools 7 7

8. McGuffey Readers the first widely used textbooks published during the American Common School Period that included moral lessons along with science, grammar, and other subjects. 8 8

9. Progressives members of a reform movement that began in the late 1800s who believed that education should be more individualized and teach students the skills that would improve the ills of society. 9 9

10. Montessori Method the teaching principles developed by Maria Montessori, an Italian doctor, emphasizing self-directed learning through sensory experiences. 10 10

11. Career & Technical Education Courses of study that prepare students for careers related to a specific trade or occupation. It was established by the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. 11 11

12. Disposable Income income beyond that needed for basic necessities, allowing people to buy or do things that they want. 12 12

13. Quotas immigration laws set limits for people coming to the United States from other countries. 13 13

14. The American Colonial Period 1600-1776 14 14

15. Main point about education during the American Colonial Period Europeans came to a new land seeking economic opportunity, religious freedom, and a better society. Options for education differed by location. Most education took place in the home. 15 15

16. Schools that did exist were primarily for elementary grades. A few universities and colleges were founded during this period. Most older children worked on family farms or businesses. Some learned skills through apprenticeships. 16 16

17. The role of teachers was a. to teach b. be role models c. act as examples of moral behavior 17 17

18. The school curriculum focused on Basic reading, writing, simple math, and religion. Some training was available for trades. Those in the South also studied astronomy for navigation and plantation management skills. Girls learned sewing and other home management skills. Hornbooks were used. 18 18 18

19. Vocabulary ReviewQuizlet 10 minutes http://quizlet.com/4549058/ 19 19

20. 1. Teachers each day will fill lamps, clean chimneys. 2. Each teacher will bring a bucket of water and a scuttle of coal for the daily' session. 3. Make your pens carefully. You whittle nibs to the individual taste of the pupils. 4. Men teachers may take one evening each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they go to church regularly. 5. After ten hours in school, the teachers may spend the remaining time reading the Bible or other good books. 6. Women teachers who marry or engage in unseemly conduct will be dismissed. 7. Every teacher should lay aside from each pay a goodly sum of this earnings for his benefit during his declining years so that he will not become a burden on society. 8. Any teacher who smokes, uses liquor in any form, frequents pool or public halls, or gets shaved in a barber shop will give good reason to suspect his worth, intention, integrity and honest. 9. The teacher who performs his labor faithfully and without fault for five years will be given an increase of twenty cents per week in his pay, providing the Board of Education approves. Read more at http://www.snopes.com/language/document/1872rule.asp#SHdMsmyFiJRWTAeQ.99 The Role of the Teacher-1872 20

21. Assignment:The Hornbook • The hornbook was used by school children. The hornbook consisted of a wooden paddle with lessons tacked on and covered by a piece of transparent horn. 21

22. The American Early National Period 1776-1840 22 22

23. Main Points about education during the American Early National Period America was still primarily a Rural nation. Schools were seen as a vehicle for making a better society. Teaching skills were focused on teaching skills to help students enter fields such as agriculture, business, and shipping. 23 23

24. He began the first public library. He worked to expand educational opportunities to anyone who could pay the tuition and attend, regardless of their Religious beliefs. He influenced schools to teach Good citizenship and a wide variety of subjects. The Role Benjamin Franklin Played 24 24

25. If common people were well educated, they could take part in democratic government, and it would thrive. He introduced legislation to divide counties into smaller districts that were responsible for a public system of education. He wanted to make sure that elementary schools were available without cost. He also established the University of Virginia. The role Thomas Jefferson Played 25 25

26. The Role of Teachers a. Be positive models of good citizenship. b. Expected to be involved, making the community a better place through both church participation and involvement in community issues. 26 26

27. The School Curriculum Focused On Basics of reading, writing, and math, along with Christian principles and citizenship. Students learned Greek, Roman, English & American history. Wealthy boys went on to study Greek, Latin, and English grammar plus advanced math, geography, literature, and science. If girls received additional education, it was often through a tutor at home or in schools specifically for girls. Education was mainly limited to those of European ancestry. 27 27

28. The American Common School Period 1840-1880 28 28

29. Main Points about Education during the American Common School Period Labor-saving devices gave people more time for other interests and pursuits. Americans realized the injustice of slavery and worked to end it. The freeing of slaves altered American life. By the end of the period, free public education for many was more widely available. 29 29

30. The first public state-supported schools were established, giving the same education to people from different levels of Society. He established teacher training schools and free libraries. He increased state funding for public schools by using state taxes to pay for education. He believed schools should be nonsectarian and not teach any specific belief system. The Role Horace Mann Played 30 30

31. African American Education during this Period was Often done in secret. Former slaves in the North faced social and economic obstacles. Quaker schools allowed African American students to attend. Educated African Americans set up schools. The First African American colleges were founded. Most schools remained strictly segregated. 31 31

32. The Role of Teachers was to usually teach all grades 32 32

33. Video:Little House on the Prairie • Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2 Chapter 2…12.11 Mean Nellie Oleson snubs Laura and Mary for wearing homespun dresses on their first day at school and, when Laura later complains, Caroline reminds her to be kind to Nellie to win her friendship. But Caroline forgets her own wise words, loses her temper with Nellie's haughty mother, store owner Harriet Oleson, and impulsively buys dress fabric she can barely afford. Later, Laura struggles to write an essay for the Visitors' Day program and Caroline must decide what to do with the expensive fabric. When Visitors' Day arrives, their love for each other helps both mother and daughter solve their problems. 33

34. Video:Little House on the Prairie Country Girls…Season 1 / Episode 2 Chapter 2…14.59 34 34

35. Education Quotes • Activity B / Chapter 6 Those who dare to teach never cease to learn. John Cotton Dana

36. The School Curriculum Focused on How subjects were taught rather than which subjects were taught. Kindergartens were established in public schools. McGuffey Readers were used and the Morrill Act of 1852 was passed. 36 36

37. Kindergarten Friedrich Froebeldeveloped the idea for kindergarten. He believed that young children learned best through play. The first Kindergarten classes were intended to help poor children succeed in school. Today, educational programs for young children are still based on play and social interaction. 37 37

38. McGuffey Reader Textbooks became more widely available. McGuffey readers, which taught moral lessons along with reading, spelling, and other subjects were used in so many schools that they contributed to the standardization of American education. 38 38

39. The Morrill Act Also known as the Land-Grant College Act gave federal land to establish colleges in every state. These colleges provided practical education in agriculture, home economics, and other useful professions to people from all social classes. These colleges made higher education available to Americans nationwide. Land-grant institutions are often categorized as 1862, 1890, and 1994 institutions, based on the date of the legislation that designated most of them with land grant status. Texas Land Grant Colleges/University • Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View • Texas A&M University, College Station 39 39

40. Land-Grant College/UniversityPrairie View A&M University • Prairie View A&M University, the first state supported College in Texas for African Americans, was established during the Reconstruction Period after the Civil War. • The University had its beginnings in the Texas Constitution of 1876, which, in separate articles, established an "Agricultural and Mechanical College" and pledged that "Separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored children, and impartial provisions shall be made for both." • As a consequence of these constitutional provisions, the Fifteenth Legislature established "Alta Vista Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth" on August 14,1876.

41. Names Given to the University - 1998 • August 14,1876 - established "Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth"; • April 19, 1879 - established "Prairie View State Normal School" in Waller County for the Training of Colored Teachers; • in 1887 attached the Agriculture & Mechanical Department to Prairie View Normal School; • in 1899 changed the name to "Prairie View State Normal & Industrial College"; • June 1, 1945 changed the name to "Prairie View University"; • August 27, 1973, the name of the institution was changed to Prairie View A&M University, and its status as an independent unit of the Texas A&M University System was confirmed.

42. Land-Grant College/UniversityTexas A&M University • Texas A&M is the state's first public institution of higher education. • Texas A&M owes its origin to the Morrill Act, approved by the United States Congress on July 2, 1862. This act provided for donation of public land to the states for the purpose of funding higher education, whose "leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanic arts." • The State of Texas agreed to create a college under the terms of the Morrill Act in November 1866, but actual formation didn't come until the establishment of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas by the Texas state legislature on April 17, 1871. A commission created to locate the institution accepted the offer of 2,416 acres of land from the citizens of Brazos County in 1871, and instruction began in 1876. Admission was limited to white males, and, as required by the Morrill Act, all students were required to participate in military training.

43. Texas A&M underwent many changes in the 1960s under the presidency of Gen. James Earl Rudder. Under his tenure the college diversified and began admitting women and minorities. • Participation in the Corps of Cadets was also made voluntary. • In 1963 the Texas state legislature officially renamed the school to Texas A&M University, with the "A" and "M" being a symbolic link to the school's past but no longer officially standing for "Agricultural and Mechanical".

44. The American Progressive Period 1880-1921 44 44

45. Women were gaining more rights. European immigrants poured into the cities. The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of both work and society. It was a time of business expansion and reform. Members of this movement called themselves Progressives. They wanted to make America a better and safer place to live, and education was part of that. Many children worked in the cities, limiting their educational opportunities. Schools were overcrowded. Progressives fought for reducing the hours children could work in factories. By 1920, all states had laws requiring children to attend elementary school. Main Points about Education during the American Progressive Period 45

46. Schools Were Segregated African American children attended separate public schools that received less funding. Educational materials were scarce and inferior, often the cast-offs from the “white” schools. African American teachers could only teach in African American schools. 46

47. considered to be professional. Teacher preparation programs in colleges replaced normal schools. There was more emphasis on educational theories. Many teachers were unhappy with the emphasis on standardization. They wanted more freedom in the classroom. The first teachers’ labor union was formed. The union fought to improve the pay, status, and working conditions of teachers. Many women became teachers. Women achieved the right to vote. The role of teachers was: 47

48. The school curriculum focused on • Students more as individuals. • Students were encouraged to think critically and independently, rather than simply memorize information and accept facts. • Progressives believed that citizens trained to think and question would work to clean up corrupt city governments and improve working and living conditions. • Thousands of public high schools were opened. 48

49. John Dewey believed that classrooms were too rigid and inflexible. He believed that schools should place a greater emphasis on the development of problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. He promoted the link between learning and experience. He believed social interaction aided learning. Educators, influenced by his work, began focusing on the role of the teacher as guiding learning. The role John Dewey Played 49

50. Maria Montessori tried to find ways to help children who had difficulty learning. She believed that young children are capable of great discovery and motivated to explore the world. She believed that sensory experiences should come before learning to read and write. Her method considers all of a child’s needs, not just intellectual needs. The classroom provides stimulating environments. Children direct their own learning with teachers as their partners. The Role Maria Montessori Played 50