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EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION. Fossil Record Biochemical Comparative Anatomy Biogeography Observable Events. EVOLUTION IS. Genetic change in a population through time. On his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of gradual change (evolution).

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EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

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  1. EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION Fossil Record Biochemical Comparative Anatomy Biogeography Observable Events

  2. EVOLUTION IS Genetic change in a population through time.

  3. On his journey around the world, Darwin found evidence of gradual change (evolution). Darwin cited evidences he found in fossil records, geographic distribution and homologous structures. Charles Darwin

  4. Today most evidences for evolution are grouped into five main categories: Biochemical Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy Biogeography Observable Events Evidences of Evolution

  5. Paleontology – study of fossils Fossil – remains or traces of an organism that lived long ago Remains: fossilized body parts left behind ex. bone, tooth, or shell Traces: imprints or other evidence besides body parts ex. burrow, footprint, or imprint 1 - FOSSIL RECORD

  6. Most fossils are found in layered sedimentary rock Oldest fossils are on the lowest layer 1 - FOSSIL RECORD

  7. Comparing fossils from different layers shows: Life on Earth has changed Increased number of life forms 1 - FOSSIL RECORD

  8. THE GENETIC CODE Triplets of DNA nitrogen-base sequences that code for specific amino acids The amino acid triplet is the same in almost all organisms. 2 - BIOCHEMICAL

  9. The similarity of triplet DNA codes making-up amino acids shows: A probable common ancestor for all life on Earth 2 - BIOCHEMICAL

  10. “Universal” GENETIC CODE Similar genes Over the ages, the genetic code has passed unchanged (or nearly so) from parent to offspring. 2 - BIOCHEMICAL

  11. AMINO ACID SEQUENCING The amino acid sequence in a particular protein is compared between organisms. 125 45 1 67 8 27 2 - BIOCHEMICAL Number of differences from human hemoglobin

  12. Comparing amino acid sequence shows: that all organisms come from a common ancestor Closeness of relationship A probable common ancestor 2 - BIOCHEMICAL Amino Acid Difference in Hemoglobin Compared with Human Amino Acid Sequencing is probably the STRONGEST evidence for relationships among organisms. Human hemoglobin has 146 amino acids

  13. Amino Acid Difference in Hemoglobin Compared with Human CLADOGRAM: diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms. 100 20 150 50 0 40 30 10 Number of Amino Acid Differences 2 - BIOCHEMICAL B A C D Where would the common ancestor be? What organism belongs at each branch? E F G Common ancestor

  14. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES structures with similar structure but different function ex: limbs of vertebrates (turtle, alligator, bird, mammal) Alligator Turtle Bird Mammal 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  15. Homologous structures show Similar genes Descent from a common ancestor Alligator Turtle Bird Mammal Ancient lobe-finned fish 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  16. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES organs so reduced in size that they are nonfunctioning remnants of similar organs in other species ex: human tailbone, appendix, whale pelvis 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  17. Vestigial structures show: an organism’s evolutionary past a common ancestor with species that have similar structures that are still functioning 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  18. EMBRYOLOGY Embryos of different species may appear similar in early stages of development ex: vertebrate development 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  19. Comparison of similarities in embryos can show: Relationship to a common ancestor 3 COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

  20. WIDE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SIMILARY ORGANISMS. Ex: types of rodents Shows: organisms living widely apart (even different continents) may be similar because they share a common ancestor Beaver Muskrat Beaver andMuskrat Coypu Capybara Coypu andCapybara 4 - BIOGEOGRAPHY • Shows common ancestor

  21. Some changes in species have been observed and studied: 5 - OBSERVABLE EVENTS

  22. Observable events show that evolution is an ongoing process 5 - OBSERVABLE EVENTS

  23. Works Cited • “Geographic Distribution of Organisms” photo: Miller, Kenneth and Levine, Joseph. (2004). Biology. Prentice Hall.

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