Feasibility of Renewable Resources in the Reliance Township to Generate Electricity

1. Feasibility of Renewable Resources in the Reliance Township to Generate Electricity By: Group 5: Aashna, Pratik, Akash, Anushree, Priyanka, Sayali, Rohan, Mrigank, Chaitra, Umang Sood

2. [Purpose of the investigation] With the ample unutilized space owned by Reliance at Jamnagar, the prospect of harnessing wind energy seemed to be potentially profitable. The purpose of our investigation lies in determining the amount of energy which can be generated using wind as a renewable source of energy.

3. [How is wind energy harnessed?] • A wind turbine is a rotating machine that converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to turn a circuit through a magnetic field which then generates electrical energy in the form of an A.C current.

4. [How is wind energy calculated?] • The amount of power transferred to a wind turbine is directly proportional to the density of the air, the area swept out by the rotor, and the cube of the wind speed.P = ½ α x density of air x area x velocity3 • Where P = power in Watts, area = area of the rotor in m2 and velocity is the velocity of the wind approaching.As the wind turbine extracts energy from the air flow, the air is slowed down, which causes it to spread out. Albert Betz, a German physicist, determined in 1919 that a wind turbine can extract at most 59% of the energy that would otherwise flow through the turbine's cross section, that is α can never be higher than 0.59 in the above equation. • Thus the wind velocity and direction, and air density was chosen as factors of measurement to determine the plausibility of setting up wind farms at Jamnagar.

5. [Data Collection] • Due to certain restraints, the assumptions on which the data were collected were that: • the windmills are exactly 59% efficient • the wind velocity is the same at all heights. • The air density is slightly greater than the average value due to the humidity at this time of year: 1.35kg/m3 • The radius of the windmill blades would be 50m. • An Anemometer was used to measure the wind velocity at the Reliance jetty. Along with primary readings, secondary readings of wind velocity, direction, temperature and air humidity of the whole of 2007 were obtained, courtesy of the captain of the jetty.

6. [Mean Primary Data] • Wind speed was measured on the jetty at an approx height of 45 feet above sea level. The average wind speed at this time of year was found to be 6.9ms-1. The relative humidity measured using a Combimeter was around 74.5% which justifies the assumption that the air density was greater than 1.25kg/m3. • The wind speed recorded inland was averaging out to be 2.9ms-1.

7. [Mean Secondary Data]

8. [Processed Data] • Using the formula for calculating wattage, these are the results obtained. After applying Betz’s law the amount of usable energy has also been shown.

11. [Conclusion and Evaluation] • As the graphs show, as average humidity increases the average wind speed also increases exponentially. Also, from the bar graph it can be seen that the greatest energy is available in the mid-year months of June, July and August. This is probably because these are the hottest and wettest times of the year. Increase in temperature creates changes in pressure, thus winds are faster. Also, in the monsoon, humidity levels are at an all time high increasing air density and the force of the wind. These could be two possible reasons for the increase in power readings during the middle of the year. And seeing from the weather conditions at Jamnagar, its quite hot and breezy for most of the year especially in the evenings. Thus strong winds are quite imminent.

12. From the results, the maximum output from a single windmill is around 3.4 megawatts. If a wind farm of some 100 were to be constructed, there would be a maximum of 340 megawatts of power available (Which is a lot – 340000000 Joules per second)! A minimum of about 89 Megawatts could be produced. Also, the wind is always blowing from the south west at an average bearing of 270 degrees. Thus windmills would not need to be aligned or oriented in different directions.

13. Advantages of Wind Energy: • One of the most environment friendly method of producing electricity ; • It produces no air or water pollution, • Involve no toxic or hazardous substances • And hence, poses no threat to public safety. • It is available in abundance, • Renewable, • Widely distributed, • Clean, and • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions as it displaces fossil-fuel-derived electricity. • Use a small amount of land; the land around the plants can be used for farming

14. Jamnagar: • No migratory bird life- no major concerns • The only major bird life found: Black Neck Crane • 80 km from Jamnagar- Dwarka, Bhatia and Harshad are regions where wind power is utilisted for electricity

15. Disadvantages of Wind Energy: • Erratic wind patterns • High start-up and maintenance costs • Adverse effects on bird life

16. Feasibility of using Solar energy for The Reliance township…

17. What is Solar Energy? • Energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation. Solar energy can be used for many purposes. The main ones being generating electricity and heating water.

18. Types of Solar Panels • Solar Cells: “Photovoltaic" or "photoelectric" cells that convert light directly into electricity. They convert a potion of the radiated energy directly into a potential difference (voltage).

19. Solar water heating: Where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof. It is designed to capture as much energy as possible. The hot water that it typically produces can be used domestically and would save on the use of electrical energy.

20. Reliance Residency 2 uses solar powered water heaters! • In the township, water is heated using solar water heaters which are placed on the terrace of the residency. They consist of ETCs (Evacuated tube collectors) and storage tanks. • Solar energy thermal energy in water

23. Energy trans – fers/formations

24. HYPOTHESIS • It is feasible to set up a solar plant in an area like Jamnagar (Reliance township) which receives abundant sunlight. • Apparatus- • LUXMETER • THERMOMETER • BEDSHEET (AS CLOUD) • WATER • MEASURING TAPE • AN OBJE CT

25. Procedure • Measure the light intensity of the sunlight using the luxmeter • Make an object stand and measure its height and the length of the shadow. Now find the angle of the sun using trigonometry. • Hold a bed sheet at a height above the ground and measure the light intensity from under the bed sheet. This bed sheet acts as the cloud. • Measure the temperature of the tap water at that time and the temperature of the water in the solar heater. • Carry out this procedure every hour. (approx 5 times)

26. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

30. Feasibility – Final Verdict! • Is it possible? • Is it profitable?! • Some limitations • Some suggestions

31. Environmental Advantages: • Does not use any fuels • Little air pollution over a long period of time

32. Environmental Disadvantages: • Produce pollution while the panels are being manufactured, installed and disposed off • Some materials used in solar power systems can be a big danger to health and safety. • Some hazardous materials like arsenic, cadmium and inert silicon can cause huge health problems among organisms.

33. A large amount of land is required for utility-scale solar power plants-approximately one square kilometer for every 20-60 megawatts generated. • Water is required for cooling- poses problems for desert climates

34. Wave Energy • Ocean waves are a tertiary form of solar energy, in that unequal heating of the Earth’s surface generates wind, and wind blowing over water generates waves. Despite the fact that nearly 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, waves are a largely unexplored source of energy, compared with the progress that has been made in harnessing the sun and wind. As Jamnagar is located on the coast, wave energy can be a very useful form of power generation.

35. Generating Wave Energy • Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small systems of tens to hundreds of watts aboard generate power . As the buoy heaves up and down in waves, the oscillating water column (OWC) in the centre pipe of the buoy's hull acts like a piston, alternately pushing air out the top of the pipe and drawing it in. This pneumatic power can be converted directly to sound through a foghorn, or indirectly to light by spinning a turbine-generator, which charges an electrical storage battery.

36. Hypothesis •   Ocean wave energy conversion for utility scale power generation is now becoming a commercial technology. A 75 kW shore-based demonstration plant by Queens University, Belfast, using the OWC process described above has operated on the Scottish island of Islay for 10 years (Figure 2). The output of this plant has allowed significant research and technical development to take place.

37. Hypothesis Jamnagar is located very near to the coast however the obstruction offered by the port, the ships that travel to the port and the mangroves the waves get dissipated and hence do not reach the shore at a sufficient size and height hence the wave energy produced should be less as compared to the solar and wind energy.

38. Procedure • As we could not try out the experiment ourselves due to the safety hazards we approached the Jamnagar port control to provide us with the necessary information • We later processed this information and obtained the following values.

40. Calculation of energy produced by the waves • The energy produced by the waves can be calculated using the following formula:- • P= (d x g 2 x waveheight x T )/ (32 x ∏) D=density of sea water (assumed to be 1.14 kg/m3) G= acceleration due to gravity(9.8ms-1) T=time period(seconds) P=wave energy flux per wave crest length (kW/m) Therefore, P= (1.14 x 9.82 x 2.392 x 1.18)/ (32 x 3.14) = 26.57kW/h

41. Therefore, • We can estimate the energy that may be produced by plugging in the values obtained in the equation, •  Energy= 1/8 x P x g x waveheight2 • =1/8 x 26.57 x 9.8 x2.392 • =185.91 J/m2

42. Conclusions • As the energy produced by the waves is not sufficient to make it a profitable option we can conclude that our hypothesis was proved right and that wave energy is not feasible in Jamnagar

43. Advantages of Wave Energy • Amount of suspension decreases which allows the sun to penetrate the water further, improving conditions for the phytoplankton. The changes propagate up the food chain, causing a general positive change in the ecosystem. • The most obvious potential impact of a tidal barrage would be on local wildlife – many fish and birds rely on the estuaries for food.

44. With the barrage in place, water would become clearer as silt would drop out due to reduced tidal flows-increasing the biological productivity and thus potential food. • Providing protection against floods and storm damage as they would limit local wave generation.

45. Disadvantages of Wave Power: • Sediment accumulation within the barrage. • Changes in the tides and currents during construction and then later during the operation of a tidal power plant will cause changes in sediment characteristics, salinity, and quality of water.

46. For Jamnagar in general: • Coral reefs; crabs; fish; Mangrove plants; Sea Grass • Depth of water is very less • Since the earthquakes in 2000, aftershocks still occur which will/can effect the tidal power plants • Air force: The air force practice aiming around the sea coast by releasing bomb shells- this can also cause tremors