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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Cell Structure and Function. Life is Cellular (7-1). The Cell Theory Robert Hooke- English physicist saw the outline of cells in cork. Matthias Schleiden-said all plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann-said all animals were made of cells.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function

  2. Life is Cellular (7-1) • The Cell Theory • Robert Hooke- English physicist saw the outline of cells in cork. • Matthias Schleiden-said all plants are made of cells. • Theodor Schwann-said all animals were made of cells. • Rudolf Virchow- said that cells came from pre-existing cells.

  3. What is the Cell Theory? • All living things are composed of cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. • New Cells are produced from existing cells.

  4. Basic Cell Structure • Cell Size • Average 5-50 micrometers in diameter • Smallest 0.2 micrometers across (bacteria) • Largest 1000 micrometers (Amoeba, Chaos chaos) Seen without a microscope

  5. What are cells made of? • Cell membrane- thin, flexible barrier around the cell • Cell wall- Strong layer around the cell membrane (plants only) • Nucleus-contains genetic material & regulates cell functions • Cytoplasm-Material inside cell membrane (not counting the nucleus)

  6. Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes- smaller and simpler. Have cell membrane, cytoplasm, but no nuclei. • All bacteria • Eukaryotes-contains nuclei, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles.

  7. Cell Structures (7-2) • Cell wall- support (not in animal cells) • Nucleus- Contains DNA (hereditary info) Discovered by Robert Hooke • Chromatin-DNA bound to proteins. • Chromosomes- contains genetic info that is passed to future generations • Nucleolus- dense structure inside nucleus. • Nuclear Envelope- Allows movement in & out of the nucleus

  8. Cytoskeleton • Helps cell maintain shape. • Involved in many forms of movement. • Microtubules-hollow tubes of protein that help to make up cytoskeleton • Microfilament- Component of cytoskeleton long thin fibers aide in movement & support.

  9. Organelles in the Cytoplasm • Ribosomes- site of protein assembly • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- where components of cell membrane are assembled. • Golgi Apparatus- enzymes here attach carbohydrates & lipids to proteins. • Lysosome- Breaks down Carbs, lipids, & proteins into forms usable by the cell.

  10. Organelles cont. • Vacuoles- Storage place for water, salts, proteins, and carbs. • Chloroplast- Found mostly in plants. Use energy from the sun to make food during a process known as photosynthesis • Mitochondria- (power-house) Where energy is made and stored.

  11. Movement through the membrane (7-3) • Core of the cell membrane is a double-layered lipid bilayer. • Concentration- amount of mass of a solute in a given volume of solution. • 12g of salt, 3L of water= 12g/3L,or 4g/L • Diffusion-movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration- does not require energy.

  12. Osmosis- Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane (only allows certain substances to pass) • Osmotic Pressure (effects of osmosis) • Isotonic- equal amount of dissolved materials as inside the cell • Hypertonic- Higher concentration of dissolved materials than inside the cell. (Wilt) • Hypotonic- Lower concentration of dissolved materials than inside the cell. (burst)

  13. Facilitated Diffusion-movement of substance through protein channels instead of the cell membrane. (does not require addition of energy) • Active Transport-Requires energy. • Endocytosis-takes materials into the cell through “pocket” in the cell membrane • Phagocytosis- when large particles are taken into the cell by endocytosis. (Pac-Man) • Exocytosis- removal of large amounts of materials from the cell.

  14. Diversity of cellular life (7-4) • Unicellular- 1 celled prokaryote/eukaryote • Multicellular- cell specialization (separate roles for each type of cell) • Levels of organization • CellsTissuesOrgansOrgan system  Organism • 11 major organ system (muscular, skeletal, circulatory, nervous, etc.)

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