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Explore the structure of bones, cartilage, muscles, and joints in animals. Learn about compact and spongy bone, bone marrow, ligaments, and synovial joints. Discover how muscles attach to bones, the role of tendons, and the mechanics of movement through biceps and triceps contractions. Understand the concept of lever systems in the body for efficient movement. Gain insights into skeletal muscle function, joint types, and the different planes of movement allowed by ball-and-socket joints. Enhance your knowledge of the interplay between bones, muscles, and joints for optimal support and mobility in animals.
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? Transverse section of a compact bones Structure of cartilage The skeletons are made up of bones and cartilages.
Cartilage Spongy bone containing red bone marrow. Compact bone Cavity containing yellowbone marrow Bone structure
Synovial Joint 1. Hinge joints Type of Joints
2. Ball-and-socket joints How many planes of movement do ball-an-socket joints allow?
pelvic girdle synovial joint ligaments femur Synovial joint structure synovial membrane cartilage
skeletal muscle • skeletal muscle: - muscles attached to bone surface - voluntary, under conscious control - gives powerful contraction and become thicker and shorter so movement of bones results
skeletal muscle keep posture muscle tone body in fixed position - fatigue results when it contracts too long, as lactic acid accumulated in muscle cells due to anaerobic respiration • muscle contract
muscle tendons Muscles and Skeleton • muscles are attached to skeleton by tendon • tendons are tough connective tissue, collagen
How is movement achieved?Movement of Forearm triceps contracts biceps relaxes triceps relaxes biceps contracts • biceps and triceps are involved • forearm bends when biceps contracts and triceps relaxes and it straightens when their roles exchanged limbstraightens limbbends
Biceps and triceps are antagonistic muscles involved in the movement of the forearm. They work in pairs and in opposing directions.
members in antagonistic pair are flexor and extensor • flexor contracts to bend the limb while extensor straightens the limb when it contracts
biceps attach to its origin and insertion by two tendons while triceps attach to origin and insertion with three tendons • contraction of biceps together with relaxation of triceps make forearm to move close to upper arm and vice versa for straightening of the limb
Lever • lever is a bar which is turned about a fixed point which is called fulcrum • on one side of fulcrum is load and effort is applied on the other side. Force is transmitted along lever to the load • e.g. elbow joint
E thirdorder lever system L F contractionof biceps (effort) • Hinge joints act as the fulcrum • Lower arm and hand act as load • Contraction of biceps creates the effort to lift up the arm and bends elbow elbow joint (fulcrum) hand (load)
E L F L F E Other Types of Lever System in our Body Standing on tiptoes Second order lever system Nodding of head first order lever system
