The Muslim Empires 1450-1800

1. http://www.hazrocity.com/home/news-section/244-news-from-hazro--attock-pakistan-22-november-2010/3053-news-of-hazro-chhachh-punjab-pakistan-by-yasir-amin-p-40.htmlhttp://www.hazrocity.com/home/news-section/244-news-from-hazro--attock-pakistan-22-november-2010/3053-news-of-hazro-chhachh-punjab-pakistan-by-yasir-amin-p-40.html The Muslim Empires 1450-1800

2. Chapter Objectives • Students should be able to: • 1. describe the expansion of Ottoman Empire. • 2. discuss the achievements of Mehmet II and Suleyman the Magnificent. • 3. discuss Ottoman rule, including the division of people by religion and occupation. • 4. highlight Ottoman achievement in art and architecture. • 5. describe the signs of decline of the Ottoman Empire.

3. The Impact Today • Muslim art and architecture forms have endured, and examples can be found throughout the world. • Since the territory once occupied by the Ottoman and Safavid dynasties produces one-third of the world’s oil supply, these regions continue to prosper.

4. Section 1: The Ottoman Empire • Ottomans began to build their power in the northwest corner of the Anatolian Pen. • Ottomans began to expand in the early 1300s. http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/

5. Rise of Ottoman Turks http://www.naqshbandi.org/ottomans/maps/ • Ottomans expanded west because their Muslim brothers were to the south and east. • In 1300s Ottomans expanded into the Balkans.

6. Rise of Ottoman Turks • Ottoman rulers claimed title of sultan. • Built strong military around the elite guard called the Janissaries. • Janissaries: Christians who converted to Islam and became one of the strongest infantries in the world. http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/janissaries_gallery.htm

7. Expansion of the Empire http://outlookturkey.com/archives/169 • Annexed Bulgaria in 1390s. • Under Mehmet II (known as the conqueror) the Ottomans moved to end Byzantine Empire. • Mehmet II with 80,000 troops laid siege to Constantinople with 7,000 defenders. • Constantinople became Istanbul. http://www.baluch-rugs.com/History/People/Sultan_Mehmed_II.htm

8. Western Asia and Africa • With Constantinople, the Ottomans controlled the Balkans and the Anatolian Penin. • Sultan Selim I gained Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia. • Declared himself Caliph. http://outlookturkey.com/archives/169

9. Western Asia and Africa • In many cases people conquered by Ottomans were treated better. • Pashas collected taxes, maintained law and order, and were responsible to the sultan. • In 1453, the Ottomans tried to complete their conquest of the Balkans.

10. Europe and the Ottoman Empire • Reign of Suleyman I began in 1520. • Attacked Europe and seized Belgrade in 1526. • Ottomans were finally defeated in 1529 in Austria. • Ottoman navy suffered defeat to Spain in 1571.

11. Europe and the Ottoman Empire • In 1680’s Ottomans attacked Vienna and were defeated. • They were pushed out of Hungary and would never again be a threat to central Europe.

12. The Nature of Ottoman Rule • Ottoman Empire was labeled a “gunpowder empire.” • Gunpowder empires were formed by outside conquerors who unified the regions that they conquered. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489087012325397

13. The Nature of Ottoman Rule • Sultan: was the supreme authority in both a political and military sense. • Position of sultan was hereditary. • Topkapi, palace in Istanbul, center of sultan’s power. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489086110444262

14. The Nature of Ottoman Rule • 2nd in command to Sultan was the grand vizier. • Harem: known as the private domain of the sultan. • Sultans often chose 4 wives. http://unitproj.library.ucla.edu/special/wildershores/turkey/turkey.htm

15. Religion in the Ottoman World • Ottomans were Sunni Muslims. • Ottoman caliphs were responsible for maintaining Islamic law. http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0189-caliphs.php

16. Religion in the Ottoman World http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0189-caliphs.php • Sultan gave religious duties to religious advisers known as the ulema. • The ulema carried out legal system and schools to educate Muslims.

17. Ottoman Society • Ottoman subjects were divided by occupation: • Peasants • Artisans • Merchants • Pastoral peoples

18. Ottoman Society • Sultan only person who could own land. • Rented his land out to farmers. • Merchants most privileged class in Ottoman society. • Women often treated with more equality than Arab neighbors.

19. Problems in the Ottoman Empire 1. Sultans became less involved in government. 2. Allowed more power to ministers. 3. Training of officials declined. 4. Wars drained the treasury. 5. Internal corruption. 6. Began to imitate European lifestyles.

20. Ottoman Art http://www.chocolate-fish.net/img_-2817 • Greatest contribution of Ottoman Empire was architecture. • Modeled architecture after Hagia Sophia. • Sinan: greatest of all Ottoman architects. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489085098592466

22. Section 2: THE RULE OF THE SAFAVIDS • Safavids were Shiites not Sunnis. • The Safavid dynasty was founded by Shah Ismail. http://melloul9.truefreehost.com/safavid-persian.html

23. Section 2: THE RULE OF THE SAFAVIDS • 1501, Ismail seized much of Iran and Iraq. • Called himself shah. • Shah means king. • Shah Ismail tried to convertOttoman Sunnis. • Massacred Sunnis at Baghdad. http://voicesinwartime.org/category/tag/timeline

24. Section 2: THE RULE OF THE SAFAVIDS • Ottomans and Safavids fought many wars against each other. • Safavids used their Shiite faith as a unifying force. • Shah claimed himself to be spiritual leader of Islam. http://voicesinwartime.org/category/tag/timeline

25. Glory and Decline • Under Shah Abbas the Safavids reached the high point of their empire. • European countries helped Safavids against the Ottomans who were more of a threat. http://www.iranchamber.com/exhibition/exhibitions/0902_shah_abbas.php

26. Glory and Decline • After Shah Abbas’s death, Shiite religious leaders began to become more powerful. • Religious orthodoxy began to grow. • Orthodoxy: traditional beliefs; especially in religion.

27. Glory and Decline • Women were forced into seclusion and required to wear the veil. • Due to an invasion by the Afghan peoples the Safavid Dynasty sank into anarchy. • Anarchy is a period of Lawlessness and disorder. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489084552184124

28. Political and Social Structures • Political system was a pyramid shape. • Shah on top, government officers and land owners in the middle and common people at the bottom. • Safavid rulers were eagerly supported by Shiites who believed that Shah Ismail was a direct descendant of Muhammad.

29. Political and Social Structures • Shahs tended to be more available to their subjects than other rulers. • Shahs seized land from landed aristocracy. • Government appointments were based on merit not birth. • Safavids were not as prosperous as the Monguls or the Ottomans.

30. Safavid Culture • Silk weaving flourished under Safavid culture. • Carpet weaving flourished and is still in high demand to this day. http://www.carpetcleaningspot.info/types-of-rugs/

31. Safavid Culture • Riza-I-Abbasi was the most famous artist in Safavid art. • Used soft colors and flowing movements. • Go over Venn Diagram on page 470. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489087546704540

32. Section 3: The Grandeur of the Moguls • In 1500, Indian subcontinent divided between Hindu and Muslim kingdoms. • Founder of Mogul Empire was Babur. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0004873.html

33. The Mogul Dynasty Mughal sword • Babur’s forces were far smaller than their enemies armies but they had more advanced weapons. • Against a force ten times its size the Babur’s seized Delhi. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0004873.html

34. The Reign of Akbar • Babur’s grandson Akbar came to power at age 14. • By 1605, he brought Mogul rule to India. • Akbar perhaps greatest monarch. • Known for humane character. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489086307139581

35. The Reign of Akbar • Akbar born Muslim but was religiously tolerant. • Akbar was also tolerant in his administration of the government. • Peasants were required to pay a third of annual harvest to government. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489086307139581

36. The Reign of Akbar • Most prosperous in terms of foreign trade. • Most trade was handled by Muslims because Mogul and Indian traders did not care for sea travel. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489086307139581

37. Decline of Moguls • Grandson of Akbar, Shah Jahan failed to deal with domestic problems. • Inherited nearly empty treasury. • Military and building campaigns raised taxes. • Most subjects lived in poverty. http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/WH45/

38. Decline of Moguls • Problems continued: • Shah Jahan’s poor health worsened and rivalry occurred between sons. http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/WH45/

39. Decline of Moguls • Aurangzeb one of India’s most controversal rulers. • Tried to eliminate India’s social evils. • He forbade suttee. • Suttee: is where wife would be burned to death on the funeral pyre of her husband. http://www.internetstones.com/emperor-aurangzebs-collection-of-pearls-shown-to-tavernier-during-his-sixth-voyage.html

40. Decline of Moguls • Tried to stop the levying of illegal taxes, gambling and drinking. • Aurangzeb was not religiously tolerant. • Building Hindu temples was forbidden. • Hindus had to convert to Islam. http://www.internetstones.com/emperor-aurangzebs-collection-of-pearls-shown-to-tavernier-during-his-sixth-voyage.html

41. British in India • Arrival of British hastened Mogul decline. • British carried Indian-made cotton to trade for spices in East Indies. • British East India Company main British presence in India.

42. British in India • Britain defeated France and became a dominant presencein Indian until after WWII. • Battle of Plassey, British defeated Indian army and gave Britain control of lands around Calcutta.

43. Society and Daily Life in Mogul India • Moguls were foreigners in India. • Moguls were Muslims and ruled a largely Hindu civilization. • Women played an important role in Mogul traditional society. • Women fought along side men in some cases. • Mogul era saw emergence of nobility and prosperous merchant class.

44. Society and Daily Life in Mogul India • With introduction of Islam, some restrictions were place upon women. • The practice of isolating women fell more in line with Hindu practices. • Suttee custom continued even with Mogul influence. • Child marriage remained common.

45. Mogul Culture • Moguls brought Persian and Indian culture together. • Best seen in the creation of the Taj Mahal. • Built by Shah Jahan for his wife. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489085511054025

46. Taj Mahal • Project employed 20,000 workers and last more than 20 years. • Taxes were raised to build it and peasants went further into poverty. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489087524752465

47. Taj Mahal • The Taj Mahal is widely considered to be the most beautiful building in India, if not the world. http://192.168.5.244/contentfiltering/blocked.aspx?id=5432489083804676193

48. Akbar style of art • Combined Persian and Indian motifs. • Included portrayal of humans in action. • Imitated European art in terms of perspective and lifelike portraits. http://www.artoflegendindia.com/akbar-restrains-hawaian-enraged-elephant-spectators-p-3982.html

49. Cause and Effect in Mogul Dynasty