CH 19- An Age of Explorations and Isolation: 1400-1800

1. CH 19-An Age of Explorations and Isolation: 1400-1800

2. Section 1- Europeans Explore the East • By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their boarders. • The Renaissance encouraged, among other things, a new spirit of adventure and curiosity. • This spirit of adventure, along with several other important reasons, prompted Europeans to explore the world around them. • These explorations began a long process that would bring together the peoples of many different lands and permanently change the world.

3. For “God, Glory, and Gold” • Before the 1400s, European contact with the rest of the world was limited. • Beginning around 1100, European crusaders battled the Muslims for control of the Holy Lands in Southwest Asia. • Then in 1275, the Italian trader Marco Polo traveled to court of Kublai Khan in China. • Many people, including Christopher Columbus, were fascinated by Marco Polo’s account of his travels to the court of Kublai Khan and the exotic East. • Fourteenth-century conquests by the Ottoman Empire made traveling to the East by land difficult. • However, for the most part European had neither the desire or ability to explore foreign lands. • That changed by the early 1400s, the Europeans began wanting a route by sea.

4. Motives for Exploration-(The 3 Gs) • “Gold, God, & Glory.” • The most important motive for exploration was the desire for new sources of wealth (Gold). • Merchants, adventurers, and government officials hoped to find precious metals in and expand trade with the East, especially trade in spices. • European merchants and traders saw an opportunity to make a profit from trading spices and luxury goods from Asia. • European had been introduced to spices during the Crusades. • The demand for spices exploded! • Spices such as: nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper. (All added flavor to bland European food.) • Demand was higher than supply, therefore merchants could charge high prices and make great profits.

5. The Muslims and Italians controlled trade from Asia to Europe. Europeans, with the exception of the Italians, were not happy with this arrangement because they were having to pay higher prices. By the 1400s, European merchants and monarchs (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) were looking for a way to bypass the Italian middlemen. This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia. Gold Cont.

6. A second motive was religious, the desire to spread the Catholic faith to native peoples. (God). Europeans saw it as their Christian responsibility to Christianize the rest of the world. This feeling of responsibility is known as “the white man’s burden.” Bartolomeu Dias, an early Portuguese explorer, explains his motives in the following quote: “To serve God and his Majesty, to give light to those who were in the darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” GOD

7. Glory • Adventure and glory comprised a third motive for European expansion. • If you earned riches and spread the faith, you would receive glory upon your return home.

8. Technology Makes Exploration Possible • By the fifteenth century the European monarchies had expanded their power and resources to a point of being able to support ambitious expansion. • Europeans had also reached a level of technology that made a series of regular, long voyages possible. • In the 1400s, shipbuilders designed the caravel. A ship that was sturdier than earlier vessels and could sail against the wind. • Sailors also used the astrolabe (used to determine latitude) and the magnetic compass (used to determine direction). • Europeans acquired much of this technology from Arabs. • Arab navigators and mathematicians had drawn charts, called portolani (records) showing coastlines and distances between ports. • By 1500, cartography–the art and science of mapmaking–had developed to where Europeans had fairly accurate maps of where they wanted to explore.

9. Portugal Leads the Way • Portugal was the leader in developing and applying sailing innovations. • Portugal was the first country to establish trading outposts on the west coast of Africa. • Eventually, the Portuguese would push further east into the Indian Ocean.

10. Prince Henry “The Navigator” • Strong government support helped Portugal become the leader in overseas exploration. • Prince Henry “The Navigator” was the most enthusiastic supporter of exploration. • Prince Henry dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415 when he helped conquer the Muslim city of Ceuta in North Africa. • In Ceuta, he learned of the vast wealth beyond Europe.

11. Prince HenryCont. • In 1419, Prince Henry founded a navigation school on the southwest coast of Portugal. • By the time Prince Henry died in 1460, the Portuguese had established a series of trading posts along the west coast of Africa. • Eventually, the Portuguese would trade for African captives to be used as slaves. • Having established their presence in Africa the Portuguese turned their attention to finding a sea route to Asia.

12. Portuguese Explorers • In 1488, Portuguese captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured down the African coast and rounded the southern tip of Africa, but had to turn back because his crew was exhausted and lack of supplies. • In 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama explored Africa's east coast. • In 1498, da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on India’s southwestern cost. • When returning home in 1499, da Gama loaded his boat with spices. The cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage. • Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.

13. Spain Also Makes Claims • As the Portuguese sailed east to reach the source of the spice trade, the Spanish sailed west to find it. • Spain had more resources and people than Portugal, and it established an overseas empire quite different from the Portuguese trading posts. • Spain also desired to have a direct sea route to Asia. • In 1492, the Italian Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance his voyage to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. • In October 1492, Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean. • He though he had reached the East Indies. He was wrong. • Columbus’s voyage opened up the way for European to colonize the Americas. • The immediate impact of Columbus’s voyage was increased tension between Portugal and Spain.

14. Treaty of Tordesillas • Portugal believed Columbus had reached Asia. The Portuguese believed Columbus had claimed land for Spain that had already been visited Portuguese sailors. • The rivalry became more intense between the two nations, so in 1493 Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace. • The pope suggested drawing an imaginary dividing line north to south through the Atlantic Ocean. The line, known as the Line of Demarcation, would give lands west to Spain and lands east to Portugal. • However, Portugal was still unhappy, so they moved the line to the west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for Portugal. • In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the Line of Demarcation.

15. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean • European nations scrambled to establish profitable trading outposts in south and southeast Asia. • European’s battled the region’s inhabitants and each other.

16. Portugal’s Trading Empire • The Portuguese took control of the spice trade from the Muslims in 1509 when it defeated the Muslim fleet off the coast of India. • In 1510, Portugal captured Goa and made it the capital of their trading empire. • In 1511, Portugal captured the city of Malacca, which gave them control of the Moluccas (The Spice Islands). • In time, Portugal’s success in Asia attracted attention from other European nations.

17. Ferdinand Magellan • As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines. • In 1565, Spain began to settle in the Philippines.

18. Dutch East India Company • Beginning in 1600, the English and the Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance in the Indian ocean. • By 1600, the Dutch became a leading sea power. • The Dutch with the help of it’s rich and powerful Dutch East India Company drove out the English and establish dominance. • The Dutch establish their trading headquarters Batavia on the island of Java. • Throughout the 1600s the Dutch increased their control over Indian Ocean trade. • By 1700, the British and French had established a foothold in the region. • As Europeans battled for a share in the profitable Indian Ocean trade, their influence on mainland Southeast Asia remained limited.

20. Section 2- China Limits European Contacts • The European voyages of exploration had led to opportunities for trade. • Europeans made healthy profits form trade in the Indian ocean region. • They began looking for additional sources of wealth. • Soon, European countries were seeking trade relations in east Asia. • First, with the Chinese, and later with the Japanese. • By the time the Portuguese arrived off the Chinese coast in 1514, the Chinese had driven out their Mongol rulers and had united under a new dynasty.

21. China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty • China had become the dominant power in Asia under the Ming Dynasty. • Ming ruler were not going to allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity they had brought to China when they had ended Mongol rule.

22. Rise of the Ming • Hongwu, a peasant’s son, commanded the rebel army that drove the Mongols out of China in 1368. • Hongwu became the first Ming emperor in 1368. • He began reforms designed to restore the agricultural lands devastated by the war, erase all traces of the Mongol past, and promote power and prosperity. • The agricultural reform increased rice production and improved irrigation. • He used respected traditions and institutions to restore stability. For example, he a encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards and improved imperial administration by restoring the merit-based civil service examination system.

23. Yonglo • Hongwu’s death in 1398 led to a power struggle. • His son, Yonglo emerged victorious. • Yonglo continued many of his fathers policies. • He moved the capital to Beijing. • He also had a curiosity about the outside world. • In 1405, he launched seven voyages of exploration.

24. Voyages of Zheng He • Zheng He led all seven of Yonglo’s voyages. • His expeditions were remarkable in size • Everything about them was large- distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurement. • Everywhere Zheng He went he distributed gifts to demonstrate China’s superiority. • As a result, more than 16 countries sent tribute to the Ming court. • However, after the seventh voyage, in 1433, China withdrew into isolation.

25. Voyages of Zheng He

26. Ming Relations with Foreign Countries • China's official trade policies in the 1500s reflected its isolation. • Foreign trade was only allowed at three coastal ports: Canton, Macao, & Ningbo. • Even though foreign trade was restricted, trade flourished. • Christian missionaries accompanied European traders into China. • They brought Christianity and European science and technology, such as the clock. • The first missionary to have an impact was the Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci.

27. Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty • By 1600, the Ming had ruled for more than 200 years and the dynasty was weakening because of: ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and the government was broke. • High taxes and bad harvests pushed millions to starvation. • This led to rebellion. • In 1644, the Manchus, from Manchuria, invaded China and the Ming Dynasty collapsed. • The Manchus named their dynasty the Qing. • They ruled for 260 years and expanded China’s boarders.

28. China Under the Qing • At first, many Chinese resisted Manchu rule. • However, the Manchus slowly earned the respect of their subjects. They upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs and social structures. • Two powerful Manchu rulers contributed to the acceptance of the new dynasty. • Kangzi and his grandson Qian-long. • Kangzi reduced governemnt spending and lowered taxes. He was scholor and patron of the arts. • Under Qian-long China reached its greatest size and prosperity.

29. Manchus Continue Chinese Isolation • The Chinese accepted the Dutch as trade partners because the Dutch accepted China’s restrictions. • They were also willing to perform “kowtow”, a ritual that involved kneeing in front of the emperor and touching one’s head to the ground nine times. • Great Britain also wanted to trade with China , but the British did not like China’s trade restrictions, • In 1793, Lord George Macartney delivered a letter from King George III to Qian-long asking for a better trade arrangement. • Macartney refused to perform kowtow and Qian-long denied the British request.

30. Korea Under the Manchus • In 1636, the Manchus conquered Korea and made it a vassal state. • Korea organized its government according to Confusion principles and adopted China’s technology, culture, and especially it policy of isolation. • When the Manchus established the Qing Dynasty in China Korea’s political relationship with China did not change.

31. Life In Ming & Qing China • In the 1600s and 1700s, life improved for most in China because of peace and prosperity. • During the Qing Dynasty irrigation and fertilizer use increased in agriculture. • As a result food production, nutrition, families, and population grew. • These expanded families preferred sons over daughters. • Son’s raised their families under their parents roof, assuring aging parents help with farming. • Many daughters were killed because they were not valued. • Even though men dominated their household and wives, women had significant responsibilities. • The great masterpiece of Chinese fiction was written during this period. Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan examines upper class Manchu society during the 1700s. • Drama was popular entertainment, especially in rural illiterate areas. Plays presented Chinese history and cultural heroes entertained and helped unify Chinese society by creating a national culture.

32. Section 3- Japan Returns to Isolation Group Activity- Technology: PowerPoint or Prezi • The class will be divided into 3 Groups. Group 1- A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders (pg 542-544) Group 2- Life in Tokugawa Japan (pg 544) Group 3- Conflict Between Europe and Japan (pg 545-546) Group 3- The Closed Country Policy (pg 547) • Day 1-Research: You and your group will read your group’s assigned section. After reading, your group will discuss what has been read. After discussing, your group will develop a verbal and visual presentation over your group’s section. Note: Be sure to include the main ideas from your group’s section in your group’s verbal and visual presentation. • Day 2-Presentations: You and your group will give your verbal and visual presentations that was developed during Day 1. Everyone in the group must present verbally (Everyone must Talk!). A individual’s failure to present will result in a grade of 0.

33. Group Activity- Technology: PowerPoint or Prezi Rubric • 20 points available for the Group Activity • 10 points: Attendance- -5 points for attendance on Day1 -5 points for attendance on Day2 *NOTE- Students must be present for both days of the Group Activity, or they will have a make-up assignment. • 5 points: Participation- -Students works well with group mates and contributes to the development of the presentation. • 5 points: Presentation- -Students help develop and create the presentation and verbally present.

34. Section 3- Japan Returns to Isolation • In the 1300s, the unity that had been achieved in Japan in the previous century broke down. • Shoguns, or military leaders, in the north and south fiercely fought one another of power. • Although these two rival courts later came back together at the end of the century, a series of politically weak shoguns let control of the country slip form their grasp. • The whole land was torn by factional strife and economic unrest. • It would be centuries before Japan would again be unified.

35. A New Feudalism Under Strong Leaders • In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s old feudal system. • Centralized rule ended. • Power drained away from the shogun to territorial lords in hundreds of separate domains.

36. Local Lords Rule • A violent era of disorder followed. • This time in Japanese history, which lasted from 1467-1568, is known as Sengoku, or “Warring States,” period. • Powerful samurai seized control of old feudal estates. • They offered peasants and others protection in return for their loyalty. • These warrior chieftains, called daimyo, became lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism. • Under this feudalism, security came from the daimyos. • The emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead, having a leadership title but no actual power. • The new Japanese feudalism resembled European feudalism in many ways. • The daimyo built fortified castles and created small armies of samurai on horses. • Later they added foot soldiers with muskets to their ranks. • Rival daimyo often fought each other for territory. • This led to disorder throughout the land.

37. New Leaders Restore Order • A number of ambitious daimyo hoped to gather enough power to take control of the entire country. • One, the brutal and ambitious Oda Nobunaga, defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital Kyoto in 1568.

38. Oda Nobunaga • Following his own motto “Rule the empire by force,” Nobunaga sought to eliminate his remaining enemies. • In 1575, Nobunaga’s 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed an enemy force of samurai cavalry. • This was the first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan. • However, Nobunaga was not able to unify Japan. • He committed seppuku, the ritual suicide of a samurai, in 1582, when one of his own generals turned on him

39. Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Nobunaga’s best general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, continued his fallen leader’s mission. • Hideyoshi set out to destroy the daimyo that remained hostile. • By 1590, by combining brute force with shrewd political alliances, he controlled most of the country. • Hideyoshi did not stop with Japan, he wanted to eventually conquer China. • In 1592, he invaded Korea and began a long camping against the Koreans and their Ming Chinese allies. • When Hideyoshi died in 1598, his troops withdrew from Korea.

40. Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan • One of Hideyoshi’s strongest daimyo allies, Tokugawa Ieyasu, completed the unification of Japan. • In 1600, Ieyasu defeated his rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara. • His victory earned him the loyalty of daimyo throughout Japan. • Three years later, he became the sole ruler, or shogun. • He then moved Japan’s capital to his power base at Edo, which later became the city of Tokyo.

41. “Alternate Attendance Policy” • Japan was unified, but the daimyo still governed at the local level. • To keep the daimyo from rebelling, Isyasu required that they spend every other year in the capital. • Even when they returned to their lands, they had to leave their families behind as hostages in Edo. • Through this “alternate attendance policy” (a.k.a. the hostage system) and other restrictions Ieyasu tamed the daimyo. • This was a major step toward restoring centralized government to Japan. • As a result, the rule of law overcame the rule of the sword.

42. Tokugawa Shogunate • Ieyasu founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which would hold power until 1867. • On his deathbed in 1616, Ieyasu advised his son, Hidetada, “ Take care of the people. Strive to be vitreous. Never neglect to protect the country.” • Most Tokugawa shoguns followed that advice. • Their rule brought a welcome order to Japan.

43. Life in Tokugawa Japan • Japan enjoyed more than two and a half centuries of stability, prosperity, and isolation under Tokugawa shoguns. • Farmers produced more food, and the population rose. • However, the majority of peasants still lived miserable lives because of heavy taxes. • The people who prospered in Tokugawa society were the merchant class and the wealthy. • However, everyone benefited from a flowering of Japanese culture during this era.

44. Society in Tokugawa Japan • Tokugawa society was very structured. • The emperor had the top rank in society, but was just a figurehead. • The actual ruler was the shogun. • Below him were the daimyo. • Then came the samurai warriors. • The peasants and artisans followed them. Peasants made up about 4/5 of the population. • Merchants were at the bottom, but they gradually became more important as the Japanese economy expanded.

45. Confucian Values • In Japan, as in China, Confucian values influenced ideas about society. • According to Confucius, the ideal society depended on agriculture, not commerce. • Farmers, not merchants, made ideal citizens. • In the real world of Tokugawa Japan, however, peasant farmers bore the main tax burden and faced more difficulties than any other class. • Many of them abandoned farm life and headed for expanding towns and cities. • There, they mixed with samurai, artisans, and merchants.

46. Shift From Rural to Urban Society • By the mid-1700s, Japan began to shift from a rural to an urban society. • Edo had grown from a small village in 1600 to perhaps the largest city in the world, with a population of more than a million. • The rise of large commercial centers increased employment opportunities for women. • Women found jobs in entertainment, textiles, manufacturing, and publishing. • However, the majority of women still let sheltered and restricted lives as peasant wives. • They worked in fields, managed the household, cared for children, and each woman obeyed her husband without question.

47. Culture Under the Tokugawa Shogunate • During the Tokugawa era traditional culture continued to thrive, but traditional elements face competition in the cities from new styles of literature, drama, and art. • Townspeople read a new type of fiction, realistic stories about self-made merchants or the hardships of life. • The people also read haiku, 5-7-5-syllable, 3-line verse poetry. Matsuo Basho was the greatest haiku poet. • Townspeople also attended kabuki theater. • Actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and mime, performed skits about modern life. • The paintings the people enjoyed were often woodblock prints showing city life.

48. Kabuki

49. Woodblock Prints

50. Contact Between Europe and Japan • Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century, during the Warring States period. • Despite the severe disorder in the country, the Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries, from Portugal and later other European countries. • The Europeans introduced new technologies and ideas. • However, within a century they had worn out their welcome.