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A.P.E.

A.P.E. The War at Home The Role of Women. Big Ideas. Total war, with its industrialization and standardization, continued the move toward mass society. The role of women in society and public life expanded during the war. War Against Civilians. More civilian deaths than soldiers

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A.P.E.

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  1. A.P.E. The War at Home The Role of Women

  2. Big Ideas • Total war, with its industrialization and standardization, continued the move toward mass society. • The role of women in society and public life expanded during the war.

  3. War Against Civilians • More civilian deaths than soldiers • Bombing of cities (non-military) • Germans slaughtered civilian Jews, Communists, Slavs, homosexuals and other “racial inferiors” in Eastern Europe • Germans confiscated land and homes of hundreds of thousands of Poles

  4. Societies at War • Total war • Industrial productivity geared toward war is what won WWII for the Allies • Allies produced 3X Axis output in 1943 • Hitler couldn’t impose austerity at home (came to power promising to end economic suffering, not increase it) • Allied countries successful in generating civilian participation in war effort, esp. women (Axis had harder time after years of “motherhood” propaganda) • Soviet women ½ workforce • Propaganda, radio, censorship • Soviets confiscate private radio & use public loud speakers; Germany uses propaganda to describe military might • Gov’t organized many aspects of everyday life • Bureaucrats regulated prod. and dist. of food, clothing, household goods • Rationing • Gov’t standardization of food, clothing, and entertainment furthered development of mass society

  5. Resistance • Civilians resisted Nazi-occupation • Partisans and resistance networks • Committee of Liberation (“Free French”) led by Charles de Gaulle • French resistance grows as it became clear the Nazis • Escape

  6. Period leading up to war (review) • Britain (and Western Europe) - 1st Wave Feminism: • Suffrage movement (voting), esp. Britain • Focus on legal rights (voting, property rights, family law, education) • Emmeline Pankhurst and daughters • Used direct action such as chaining themselves to railings, setting fire to the contents of mailboxes, smashing windows, hunger strikes, picketing Parliament, and on occasions setting off bombs. • Finland first to grant female suffrage (1906); most others by 1920s • Marxist women argued women were doubly oppressed, both by capitalist society and men. Worked for socialism first in the hopes that a socialist society would offer women greater equality. • Fascists countries (Italy, Germany) • Motherland – serve state by reproducing • Subsidies for large families • Contraception outlawed • Nazis – selective breeding programs; racially pure Germans; sterilization and force abortions for undesirables (bring Ukrainian women to Germany) • Soviet Union • Alexandra Kollontai – argued for expanded sexual freedom, sharing of household duties, families based upon comradeship and love • Divorce became easier • Children born in or out of wedlock – same rights • Abortion legalized • No women occupied high position in Communist Party • Women still paid less; do most of housework • Domestic violence still common

  7. Women in World War II Role of Women in the workforce • Women worked in factories (replaced men) • Allied countries successful in generating civilian participation in war effort, esp. women – Rosie the Riveter • Government propaganda targeted housewives with a message to contribute to war effort by working in factories (reversal of cult of domesticity) • Axis had harder time after years of “motherhood” propaganda • Soviet women ½ workforce

  8. Rosie the Riveter

  9. Role of women in war • Women in war: • Britain – Women’s Land Army (70,000 female farmers); Air Transport Aux. (transport planes) • Resistance Movement – France, Italy, Yugoslavia, U.S.S.R. • U.S.S.R. • 10% of resistance fighters were women • Women’s School for Sniper Training (1,885 snipers, 11,280 kills) • 588th Night Bombers (Night Witches) – all female pilots, navigators, mechanics; regiment flew 24,000 combat missions; one of three female air regiments • Lilya Litviak – ace fighter pilot, awarded Hero of Soviet Union (KIA) • 800,000 Russian women in military • 95 women awarded Hero of Soviet Union (highest Soviet military honor)

  10. 588th Night Bombers “Night Witches”

  11. Lilya Litviak

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