Biomes

1. Biomes

2. Biomes • Contain similar average annual temperature and precipitation. • Contain distinctive plant growth

3. For every 10° C increase, plants need 20 mm of rain to meet the increase temp. demands

4. For every 10° C increase, plants need 20 mm of rain to meet the increase temp. demands

5. Three Types of Biomes • Tropical • Temperate • Tundra and Boreal

6. Three Types of Biomes • Tropical • Temperate • Tundra and Boreal • Warm and rainy – good for growing crops • Warm with less rainfall – good for growing grains • Colder regions good for harvesting lumber

7. Tundra • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Adaptations: • Soil nutrient level: • Permafrost:

8. Tundra • Temperature: Cold • Precipitation: Low • Growing season: Short – 4 months • Vegetation: small shrubs, mosses, lichens • Adaptations: can grow in shallow waterlogged soil, survive short growing seasons and cold • Soil nutrient level: Low • Permafrost: impermeable, permanently frozen layer, prevents H20 from draining and roots from penetrating (no trees)

9. Boreal Forest • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Adaptations: • Like the tundra, the boreal forest has nutrient poor soil. Why?

10. Boreal Forest • Temperature: Cold • Precipitation: Low • Growing season: Short • Vegetation: Coniferous and deciduous • Adaptations: Coniferous needles tolerate cold, deciduous drop leaves before cold • Like the tundra, the boreal forest has nutrient poor soil. Why?

11. Temperate Rain Forest • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil nutrient level: • Location: • Threats:

12. Temperate Rain Forest • Temperature: Moderate • Precipitation: High • Growing season: Long – 12 months • Vegetation: very large trees – fir, spruce, redwoods • Soil nutrient level: Low – due to coniferous needles that are slow to decompose • Location: Coastal – oceans moderate temperature and provide water vapor • Threats: Large trees are logged

13. Temperate Seasonal Forest • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil nutrient level: • Adaptations: • Threats:

14. Temperate Seasonal Forest • Temperature: Warm summers and cold winters • Precipitation: High • Growing season: 12 months • Vegetation: deciduous trees • Soil nutrient level: Rapid decomp. – fertile soil • Threats: Often cleared for agriculture due to fertile soil

15. Woodland/Shrubland • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil nutrient level: • Adaptations:

16. Woodland/Shrubland • Temperature: hot summer and mild winter • Precipitation: dry summer and rainy winter • Growing season: 12 month – constrained by low rain in summer and low temps. in winter • Vegetation: yucca, scrub oak, sagebrush • Soil nutrient level: Low – leaching by winter rains • Adaptations: plants adapted to fire and drought – seeds open after intense heat, plants resprout quickly after fire

17. Temperate Grassland (Prairie, Steppes, Pampas) • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil Nutrient Level: • Adaptations: • Tall grass prairie vs. short grass prairie vs. cold desert

18. Temperate Grassland (Prairie, Steppes, Pampas) • Temperature: Cold winter, hot summers • Precipitation: Dry summers • Growing season: 12 month – constrained by low rain in summer and low temps. in winter • Vegetation: grasses and non woody flowering plants • Soil Nutrient Level: Rapid decomp. makes this biome very productive • Adaptations: wildfires and frequent grazing – deep roots store energy for quick regrowth • Tall grass prairie vs. short grass prairie vs. cold desert

19. Tropical Rainforest • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil Nutrient Level: • Canopy vs. understory • Epiphytes and lianas

20. Tropical Rainforest • Temperature: High • Precipitation: High • Growing season: 12 months • Vegetation: More biodiversity than any other biome • Soil Nutrient Level: Warm and wet – rapid decomp. but nutrients are taken up quickly • Canopy vs. understory • Epiphytes and lianas

21. Tropical Seasonal Forest • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Soil Nutrient Level: • Adaptations:

22. Tropical Seasonal Forest • Temperature: Warm • Precipitation: Wet and dry seasons • Growing season: Long – but limited by rain • Vegetation: deciduous trees and grasses • Soil Nutrient Level: Warm temps. allow rapid decomp. - fertile soils • Adaptations: drop leaves during dry season

23. Desert • Temperature: • Precipitation: • Growing season: • Vegetation: • Adaptations:

24. Desert • Temperature: Hot • Precipitation: Dry • Growing season: Short – limited by rain • Vegetation: sparse vegetation • Adaptations: small, thick waxy layer with few pores to conserve water.Spines to protect themselves from herbivores

25. Lakes and Ponds • List the letter and define the zones below • _____ Littoral zone- • _____ Limnetic zone- • _____ Profundal zone- • _____Benthic zone -

26. Freshwater Wetlands • Define: wetlands • Differentiate • Swamps • Marshes • Bogs • What ecosystem services do wetlands provide?

27. Intertidal Zone • Define intertidal zone: • Describe the challenges that organisms undergo in this biome.

28. Coral Reefs • What is coral? • How do corals survive in low nutrient water? • Explain coral bleaching.

29. Oceans • List the letter and define the zones below • _____ Photic zone- • _____ Aphotic zone- • _____ Intertidal zone- • _____Benthic zone -

30. Oligotrophic v. Eutrophic Lakes

31. Oligotrophic v. Eutrophic Lakes

32. Oceans • Describe each mechanism as well as where it occurs • Chemosynthesis – • Bioluminescence -