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廠商的決策

廠商的決策. QUIZ (0302). What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US. 公司的目標 : 極大化利潤 ? 所有者與經營者. 目標不同 資訊不對稱 公司治理 當事代理人理論 ~ 管理經濟學 員工分紅成本. 決定產量決策的因素. 預期市場價格 p(q1+q2+, … )~ 市場競爭結構 成本函數 c(q). 市場競爭.

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廠商的決策

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  1. 廠商的決策

  2. QUIZ (0302) • What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US • What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US

  3. 公司的目標:極大化利潤?所有者與經營者 • 目標不同 • 資訊不對稱 • 公司治理 • 當事代理人理論~管理經濟學 • 員工分紅成本

  4. 決定產量決策的因素 • 預期市場價格p(q1+q2+,…)~市場競爭結構 • 成本函數c(q)

  5. 市場競爭 • 完全競爭: price taker • 獨占: price setter • 寡占: 必須猜測對手產量 • 同質寡占 • 異質寡占: 水平差異, 垂直差異

  6. 成本函數~ch 7在即定生產目標下成本極小

  7. 生產函數F(L,K) • The maximum quantity of outputs a firm can produce given the quantities of inputs that it might employ • 生產管理問題 給定L,K 如何配置 放對的人在對的部門

  8. Why to consider only L, K?

  9. Fix K, one variable input • F(L, K(fixed)) ~short run • Technically efficient

  10. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-01 FIGURE 6-1 Technical Efficiency and Inefficiency

  11. 勞動邊際產量 • 邊際報酬遞增: 專業分工 • 邊際報酬遞減 • 總報酬遞減: 人多手雜

  12. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-02 FIGURE 6-2 Total Product Function

  13. 邊際產量與平均產量

  14. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-03 FIGURE 6-3 Average and Marginal Product Functions

  15. (Figure continues on next slide) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 FIGURE 6-4 Relationship Among Total, Average, and Marginal Product Functions

  16. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 continued FIGURE 6-4 (Continued)

  17. 兩投入(L,K)生產函數 • 等產量曲線 (ISOQUANT)

  18. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-05 FIGURE 6-5 Total Product Hill

  19. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-06 FIGURE 6-6 Isoquants and the Total Product Hill

  20. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-08 FIGURE 6-8 Isoquants for the Production Function in Table 6.3

  21. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-09 FIGURE 6-9 Economic and Uneconomic Regions of Production

  22. 非經濟區域

  23. 等產量曲線的特性 • 邊際技術替代率(MRTS) • :The rate of which the quantity of capital can be reduced for every one unit increases in the quantity of labor, holding the quantity constant

  24. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-10 FIGURE 6-10 Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution of Labor for Capital (MRTSL,K) Along an Isoquant

  25. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-11 FIGURE 6-11 Input Substitution Opportunities and the Shape of Isoquants

  26. 邊際技術替代率遞減:MRTS 與MP的關係

  27. 如何描述比較不同產業的要素替代程度? • 不同產業的MRTS?

  28. 替代彈性

  29. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-12 FIGURE 6-12 Elasticity of Substitution

  30. 替代彈性的直覺?

  31. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-13 FIGURE 6-13 Isoquants for Iron and Vehicle Production in Germany

  32. 特殊的生產函數:完全替代 • 完全替代:替代彈性無限大 • 例子:不同電腦儲存容量

  33. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-14 FIGURE 6-14 Isoquants for a Linear Production Function

  34. 特殊的生產函數:完全互補 • 完全互補:替代彈性=0 • 例子:一部車需一個引擎, 四個輪子

  35. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-15 FIGURE 6-15 Isoquants for a Fixed-Proportions Production Function

  36. 特殊的生產函數:Cbb-Douglas • Cbb-Douglas 生產函數

  37. Cobb-Doulgas 的替代彈性

  38. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-16 FIGURE 6-16 Isoquants for the Cobb-Douglas Production Function

  39. CES生產函數

  40. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-17 FIGURE 6-17 Isoquants for the CES Production Function

  41. Quiz 0317 • What two factors does the throughput of an oil pipeline of a given length depend on ?

  42. 規模報酬(returns to scale) • 所有要素增加對產量的影響

  43. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-18 FIGURE 6-18 Increasing, Constant, and Decreasing Returns to Scale

  44. Increasing returns to scale

  45. constant returns to scale

  46. decreasing returns to scale

  47. 練習

  48. 邊報酬遞減與規模報酬遞減

  49. Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-19 FIGURE 6-19 Diminishing Marginal Returns versus Returns to Scale

  50. 技術進步 • 一定數量投入生產更多產量:學習效果 • 中性技術進步: 要素價格不變, 要素投入比不變 • 勞動節省(LABOR-SAVING)型技術進步: 邊際資本生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用資本 • 資本節省(CAPITAL-SAVING)型技術進步: 邊際勞動生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用勞動

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