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Chapter 25

Chapter 25. WWI. International Rivalry. Unified Germany upset Balance of Power in Europe Three Emperor’s League : Bismarck allied with Austria-Hungary and Russia Austria-Hungary & Russia alliance weak over Balkans 1876: Serbia declared war on Ottomans

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Chapter 25

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  1. Chapter 25 WWI

  2. International Rivalry • Unified Germany upset Balance of Power in Europe • Three Emperor’s League: Bismarck allied with Austria-Hungary and Russia • Austria-Hungary & Russia alliance weak over Balkans • 1876: Serbia declared war on Ottomans • Treaty of San Stefano 1878 – Russia received Bulgaria • Congress of Berlin (1878) cancelled Treaty • Russia terminated the League • Triple Alliance (1882) Germany, Austria, Italy

  3. New Alliances • Emperor William II ended all alliances with Russia • France jumped at the chance to ally with Russia • Triple Entente (1907) – England, France, Russia • Alliances became more and more inflexible • Balkans Crisis (1908-1913) • 1908- Austria annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina to impede a larger Serbia • Russia humiliated when backed off Serbian support • 1912: Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece) turned against each other over victory against Ottomans

  4. Causes • Strong nationalism • Restraint is a sign of weakness • Bravado is seen as honorable • Many minorities sought own nation • Competition over colonies led to fierce competition • Each country believed itself sovereign – answers to no one • War is a viable option to many – even to stop internal unrest • Militarism • Conscription doubled military and influence of leaders grew (imperialism)

  5. Causes • Alliances • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy • “Blank Check” – German assured Austria-Hungary they would send their full support • Triple Entente: Russia, France, England • Didn’t promise to defend each other, but did encircle other the Triple Alliance

  6. June 28,1914 • Russia, still embarrassed over Bosnian crisis mobilized military against Austria Declared war on…

  7. I’ll be home by Christmas! Illusions & Stalemate From Munich, via Metz, to Paris (Metz was a French city beaten by Germans in 1870)

  8. Illusions and Stalemate • 1st Battle of Marne (Sep 1914) stopped German Advance • Trench Warfare – dug in for 4 years

  9. War in the East • Paul von Hindenburg defeated Russians at Tannenberg & Masurian Lakes

  10. Trenches dumbfounded military “experts” that were trained and used to movement and maneuver Millions of men died being thrown at the other trench

  11. Stalemate leads to new allies Central Powers Allied Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria • Britain • France • Russia • Italy • United States! • Lawrence of Arabia destroyed Ottoman Empire’s holdings in Middle East using troops from India, Australia, New Zealand • Britain used African soldiers to seize German holdings • Japan took German land in China & Pacific

  12. Effects of Total War • Centralization of government • Mass conscription • Nationalization of transportation and industry • Compulsory employment • Ministry of Munitions led by David Lloyd George • Private industry made war materials at limited profits • Irish Nationalism Movement • Women went to work

  13. “Feed children of the defenders of the motherland“ "Increase payments to the soldiers' families - defenders of freedom and world peace". Russian Revolution • Tsar Nicholas II took control of the armed forces • Russian industry unable to produce weapons for army • 1914-1916: 8 million casualties (2 million KIA) • March Revolution: women began a march (March 8) calling for “peace and bread” that turned into a General Strike (March 10) • Tsar Nicholas called for soldiers to disperse the crowds • Soldiers joined the crowds instead • The Duma(legislature) met against Nicholas’ demands (March 12)and created a provisional government (March 15) -- Tsar abdicated the same day • Parliamentary democracy, universal suffrage, civil equality, 8 hour work day Nicholas & Alexandra were first cousins with George V

  14. Russian Provisional government • Soviets: councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies • Sprang up in army units and towns • Represented more radical interests of the lower classes • Composed of socialists • Marxist Social Democratic Party • Mensheviks–(minority) wanted mass electoral socialist party based on Western Model, willing to cooperate with parliamentary model while working towards socialist state • Bolsheviks-(majority) violent revolution to destroy capitalist system

  15. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) • Vladimir Ulianov • Legal education, became lawyer • 1887: brother executed for planning to kill Tsar • Lenin turned to Marxism • Arrested for organizing an illegal group • Shipped to Siberia • Exiled in Switzerland • Sent to Finland by Germans hoping to create disorder • April Theses – blueprint for revolutionary action • Russia can move directly into socialism • “Peace, Land, Bread” • “All power to the Soviets!”

  16. Bolshevik Revolution • Lenin and Bolsheviks accused of trying to overthrow Provisional Government, exiled to Finland • General LavrKornilovbegan to move troops from the Eastern Front to Petrograd • Provisional Government released Bolsheviks for help • Kornilov never made it, showed Lenin how weak government was • With Leon Trotsky (leader of Petrograd soviet) the Bolsheviks seized power in name of soviets • November 8: Council of People’s Commisars • Lenin as head • Land nationalized, factories turned to workers, legalized divorce • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic provinces to Germany

  17. Civil War • Red Army – Bolsheviks • White Army – Anti-Bolsheviks • Imperialists, Mensheviks, Anti-Semites • Trotsky, Commisar of War, reinstated draft, recruited former tsarist army officers, rigid discipline, executions for deserters • Disunion of White Army vs. Single-Mindedness • Insular Defense • War Communism: nationalization of banks and industries • Red Terror – Cheka(secret police) destroyed opposition

  18. End of War • Russia pulling out of war major setback… • Countered with American arrival • Germany tried to sue for peace but the angry German people wanted reform • William II left the country • Friedrich Ebert & Socialists announced a republic • November 11, at 11:11 armistice went into effect • Lost Generation: 9 million dead, 22 million wounded

  19. Upheaval • 1919: Radical socialists (Communists) attempted to seize power in Berlin • Friedrich Ebert and other moderate socialists called on army to put down rebellion • Created a fear of Communism in Germany

  20. Versailles Treaty • Wilson wanted open agreements & self determination • David Lloyd George & Georges Clemenceau wanted revenge • Reparations, demilitarization • War Guilt Clause – Germany and Austria took blame • Reparations– left to German and allies • Reduced army – to 100,000, eliminate air force • Lost Territory – Alsace and Lorraine France, Prussia  Poland, Rhineland demilitarized • Other treaties strengthened Eastern Nations

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