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Social Media, Depression, & Suicide

This panel discussion explores the complex relationship between social media and depression in teenagers, highlighting the prevalence of depression and suicide attempts in this age group. It examines the habits and experiences of depressed teens on social media and the potential displacement of protective habits. The discussion also delves into the negative impacts of social media on sleep and the role of social comparison and fear of missing out in exacerbating depression. Overall, it explores the various risk and mediating factors involved in the relationship between social media and depression.

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Social Media, Depression, & Suicide

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  1. Social Media, Depression, & Suicide Paul Weigle, MD Digital Media and Developing Minds October 16th, 2018

  2. SM & Depression Panel Agenda • Paul Weigle MD • Thomas Joiner PhD • Ethan Kross PhD • Panel Discussion Games for Health? Video games & Smartphone Applications to Enhance Psychiatric Treatment ~ October 23rd, 2018

  3. Social Media & Depression: Introduction • Background • Depressed teens on SM • User characteristics • SM habits • SM experiences From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  4. Adolescent Depression • 1-year prevalence increased 8.7% in 2005 to 11.3% in 2014 (Mojtabai ‘16) • Suicide attempts LP 4% (National Comorbidity Survey, Nock, ‘13) • Teen suicide increasing since 2007 (CDC ’16) • 2nd leading cause of teen death (CDC, ‘15) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  5. Teen Social Media Habits • 2010-2015: time spent on SM increased 2.5X(Rideout ‘10 & ‘15) • 58% use SM for average 2 hours 4 minutes • Girls > boys • Blacks > whites • Instagram, Snapchat & Facebook Web Junkies: Understanding Internet Disorders ~ June 21st, 2018

  6. SM & Social Connection • Teens use SM to maintain contact with friends & make new ones (Lenhart ’14, Teppers ’14 & Wood ‘16) • Related to increased self esteem & social support (Ellison ’11 & Best ‘14) • Most believe SM benefits their well-being (Rideout ‘18) • Minority youth, those struggling w sexual identity or LD meet similar peers, feel less lonely & more confident (Korchmaros ‘15) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  7. Depressed Teens & Social Media • Depressed teens prefer socializing online (Bonetti ’09, Valkenburg, Fioravanti ’12, Prizant-Passal ’16 & Rideout ‘18) • 90% seek help online • 3X likely to feel SM very important to feel less alone, be inspired & express themselves (Rideout ‘18) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  8. SM Displaces Protective Habits • Social contact IRL • Academics • Exercise • Sleep From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  9. Social Media vs. Sleep • Insufficient sleep strongly predicts depression & suicidality (Matamura ‘14) • >60 studies found screen media related to insomnia (Hale ‘18) • Heavy SM use & cell phone use in bed predict insomnia (Fossum ‘14 & Woods ‘16) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  10. Depressed Teens on Social Media • Depressed teens 3X as likely to report negative SM interactions & using SM to avoid problems (Rideout ‘18) • Engagement in online discussions about suicide relates to increased SI over time (Dunlop ’11 & Masuda ‘13) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  11. Social Media & Depression • Metanalysis found complex relationship (Baker ‘16) • 5 studies found positive relationship, 2 negative, and 4 found none • Risk Factors: heavy use, impression management, & passive SM use (Sampasa-Kanyinga ’15, Baker‘16, Verduyen ‘17, Escobar-Viera ’18, & Primack ‘18) • Protective Factors: more ‘friends’ & active use From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  12. Individual Risk Factors SM associated w depression & SI over time, especially in: • girls • unpopular • lack self-purpose • emotionally invested (Kim ’16, Wardeiner ’16 & Booker ‘18) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  13. Mediating Factors • Social Comparison • FOMO • Internet Addiction • Cyberbullying • Sexting From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  14. Social Comparison • Determine self-worth based on how we stack up against others • Increases association between SM use & worsening depression, especially in unpopular girls who follow strangers (Lup ‘15 & Nessi ‘15) • Teens given to social comparison spend more time on SM, have lower mood (Vogel ‘15) • Depressed teens feel inferior after viewing SM (Appel ‘15) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  15. Fear of Missing Out • Excluded from experiences peers are enjoying without you • 18% of depressed youth feel left out on SM vs 1 % of peers (Rideout ‘18) • Leads lonely teens to feel inferior (Chou ’12, Przybylski ’14, & Keracher ‘17) • Leads to addictive SM use (Gil ’15, Al-Menayes ’16, & Oberst ‘17) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  16. Internet Addiction • Uncontrollable, excessive habit causes dysfunction, correlates to depression (Kok ’13, Hanprathet ’15, & Andreassen ‘16) • Depression increases risk for new-onset IA (Fioravanti ’12, Brand ’14, & Lee-Won ‘15) • IA increase risk to develop new-onset depression (Lam ’10 & Achab ’11) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  17. Sexting • Most YA admit to sexting as a teen (Demateo ’14) • Predicted by unsupervised & unrestricted internet access (Doornward ‘14) • Associated w depression & 2-3X risk to attempt suicide in most (Schneider ’10, Van Ouytsel ‘14, Temple ’14, Frankel ’18 & Medrano ‘18) • But not all (Morelli ‘16) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  18. Cyberbullying • Victims & perps have more suicidal thoughts & behaviors in 43 studies (van Geel ‘13) • Predicts worsening depression & suicide attempts (Kessel ’12, Machmutow ‘12, Salmivalli ’13 & Landoll ‘15) From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

  19. From FOMO to iCBT, Online Perils & Prospects for Youth with Internalizing Disorders ~ October 27th, 2018

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