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社会学通论第五讲 中西方文化对比

社会学通论第五讲 中西方文化对比. 主讲：张 晟（ JOHN ）. 电 话： 13008310118 Q Q ： 1670834 办公室：明德楼. Culture and Society 文化与社会  Culture: is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.

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社会学通论第五讲 中西方文化对比

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  1. 社会学通论第五讲 中西方文化对比 主讲：张 晟（JOHN） 电 话：13008310118 Q Q：1670834 办公室：明德楼

  2. Culture and Society 文化与社会  Culture: is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior. Culture includes ideas, values, customs, and artifacts of groups of people 文化：是整个社会传播，习俗，知识，材料的物体，和行为。 文化包括思想，价值观，习俗，和群体效应 社会学通论-中西方文化对比

  3. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Development of Culture around the World • 文化在世界的发展 

  4. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Cultural Universals 普世文化  63 All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs. 所有的社会有某些共同的习俗和信仰。 • including: • Athletic sports • Cooking • Funeral ceremonies • Medicine • Sexual restrictions • 竞技体育 • 烹饪 • 葬礼仪式 • 医学 • 性的约束

  5. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Innovation 创新  • Process of introducing new idea or object to a culture • 引入新的思想或物体的一种文化过程 • Discovery发现: making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality使已知或共享存在的现实的一个方面 • Invention发明: when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before当现有的文化项目将合并为一个窗体，并没有之前存在

  6. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTI2NDU4NDIw.html

  7. Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology 全球化、传播与科技  63 Diffusion扩散: process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society 这一过程的文化项目推广由团体对团体社会对社会 McDonalization麦当劳化: process through which the principles of the fast-food industry have come to dominate certain sectors of society 通过这一过程快餐行业会支配某些社会阶层 社会学通论-中西方文化对比

  8. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology • Technology科技: information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires • 信息关于怎样使用环境的物质资源来满足人类的需要和欲望 • Material culture物质文化: physical or technological aspects of our daily lives • 物理或科技方面和我门日常生活息息相关 • Food items 食品 • Houses 住宅 • Factories 工厂 • Raw materials 原材料

  9. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Globalization, Diffusion, and Technology • Nonmaterial Culture非物质文化: ways of using material objects as well as: • 使用的材料对象 • Culture Lag文化滞后: period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions • 当非物质文化失调时期接近尾声时文化仍然在努力适应新的物质条件

  10. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Customs 习俗 • Beliefs 信仰 • Governments 政体 照镜子、正衣冠、洗洗澡、治治病 If you can change a person…

  11. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Elements of Culture 文化的要素  • Language , Norms, Sanctions and Values • Language 语言  is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. 是所有的文化词语的意义和符号的抽象的系统。 • Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨皮尔-沃夫假设 • Language precedes thought • 语言是思想的 • Language is not a given • 语言不是一个给定的 • Language is culturally determined • 语言是文化决定的 • Language may color how we see world • 语言使我们看世界可以是色彩的 http://v.ku6.com/show/jSejwjfI2moGzgrndqcsmg...html?loc=tashangchuan

  12. Language语言 Nonverbal Communication 非语言沟通 Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate 使用手势，面部表情，和其他视觉图像沟通 。 社会学通论-中西方文化对比

  13. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Norms 规范  • Established standards of behavior maintained by a society. • 建立社会保持标准的行为。

  14. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Sanctions 奖惩  Are penalties are rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. • 关于社会规范进行奖励和惩罚

  15. Values 价值观  Are these collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture. 这些是集体的概念，被认为是良好的，可取的，适当的或坏的，不可取的，和不适当的文化中。 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 马诺“我宁愿坐在宝马车里哭,也不愿意坐在自行车上笑”

  16. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Culture and the Dominant Ideology • 文化与主导意识形态   • Dominant Ideology • 主导思想 • Describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests • 介绍了文化信仰和做法，有助于保持强大的社会，经济和政治利益的集合，

  17. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Aspects of Cultural Variation 文化差异的层面  • Subculture亚文化: is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. • 从更大的社会模式共享社会独特的模式，道德，风俗和价值观的不同 • Countercultures反文化: when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture. • 当一个亚文化明显故意反对大文化的某些方面 • Culture Shock文化震撼: Anyone who feels disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture may be experiencing culture shock. • 谁觉得无所适从，不确定的的地方，甚至恐惧时，沉浸在一个陌生的文化可能会经历文化冲击。

  18. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Cultural Variation 文化差异  • http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMTU3MjU0MTky.html

  19. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比 • Attitudes toward Cultural Variation 对文化差异的态度  • Ethnocentrism族群中心主义: Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or is superior to all others • 认为自己的文化和生活方式的规范或优于所有其他的趋势 • Cultural relativism文化相对主义: people’s behaviors from the perspective of their own culture • 从自己的文化透视人们的行为

  20. 社会学通论-中西方文化对比

  21. That’s all for today THANK YOU

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