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(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview). Alan Carter Certification Programme Manager Aircraft Certification Department. Summary PAST…. A few notable steps Responsible Bodies Concept of ‘Type Certification’ Certification Code Development.

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(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

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  1. (CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE(An Overview) Alan Carter Certification Programme Manager Aircraft Certification Department

  2. Summary PAST… • A few notable steps • Responsible Bodies • Concept of ‘Type Certification’ • Certification Code Development

  3. Summary (cont)PRESENT… • Elements of Certification • Type Certification • Process • Certification Basis • Codes • Example Requirements • Compliance demonstration • Compliance ‘finding’ • Organisation Approval (Design & Production)

  4. Summary (cont)FUTURE… • (Likely/possible) regulatory developments

  5. PAST…. (i)Notable steps • 1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/D’Arlandes [& Gas Balloon Charles] • 1853? Glider; Cayley Cayley’s ‘assistant’ • 1903 Powered aeroplane; Flyer Wright • 1924 Gyrocopter; Cierva C6 • [1936 Helicopter; Focke-Achgelis FA-61Hanna Reitch]

  6. PAST… (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK) • [1909 Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics] • 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept. • 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.) • 1937 Air Registration Board (Civil) • 1972 Civil Aviation Authority • 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities (1970 UK,F,D,NL only) • 2003- European Aviation safety Agency

  7. PAST… (iii)Concept of ‘Type Certification’ • 1910s Self regulation • 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval • 1937 (ARB) intro. of ‘Approved firms’ • 1945-6 First ‘type approvals’/AANs • [1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation (Chicago): 1949 Annex 8 ‘A/w of aircraft’, Pt.II Ch. 1 ’Type Certification’] • 1968 First UK TCs: (Beagle Pup & Slingsby T53)

  8. PAST… (iv)Type Certification Code development • 1926 AP 1208 ‘A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air Ministry) • 1945 BCAR D ‘Des. & Constr.’ (ARB) • 1948- BCAR Sections • examples: D ‘Large Aeropl.’1948, C ‘Eng. & Prop’ 1949, G ‘Rotorcraft’ 1954, K, ‘Light Aeropl.’ 1966 (ARB) • 1969 TSS Standards (ARB & SGAC) • 1974 JAR-25 ‘Large Aeroplanes’ (JAA) • 2003 EASA Certification Specifications

  9. PRESENT… (i)Three related, required approvals • Type Certification (type design approval) • Design Organisation approval • Production Organisation approval

  10. PRESENT… (ii)TC: The elements of the process TYPE CERTIFICATION TYPE CERTIFICATION • Analyses • Structural Test • Flight Test • Flight Manual • etc.... • Analyses • Structural Test • Flight Test • Flight Manual • etc.... COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION AA EVALUATION Agency EVALUATION SUBMISSION OF REPORTS SUBMISSION OF REPORTS CERTIFICATION BASIS CERTIFICATION BASIS APPLICATION APPLICATION

  11. PRESENT… (iii)The ‘Certification Basis’ • Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16] • Reversions[Use of ‘older’ reqs.] • ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD], Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF]) • Exemptions[Non-applic. of req.] • ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’[Not specified AMC] • Environmental Standards[Noise & emissions] • Elect to Comply Requirements

  12. PRESENT… (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes • Aeroplanes: CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility & Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22 (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg) • Rotorcraft: CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light Gyroplanes/600kg) • Lighter than air: CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30 (Non-rigid airships) • Other: CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU

  13. PRESENT… (v)Cert. Code layout & content • General • Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl., Misc.) • Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond., Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) • Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) • Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.) • Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.) • Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)

  14. PRESENT… (vi)Example requirements:Factor of Safety’ (for the strength of the aircraft structure) • CS-VLA.613 & 619: … “probability of material being under strength is extremely remote” (for composites, x 1.5 if not tested ‘hot & wet’ & x 1.0 to 1.55 for production variability) • CS-31HB.25(b): … “at least x 5 for envelope design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)

  15. PRESENT… (vii)Example requirements (cont)(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft • CS-23.333: …The aircraft is assumed to be subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level flight “… of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd … • BCAR S.333: …No gust loads…

  16. PRESENT… (viii)Example requirements (cont)Seat & harness provision • CS-23.785(b): “… must consist of a seat, safety belt & shoulder harness, that is designed to protect the occupant … dynamic test conditions of 23.562 …” • CS-31HB.63: “… there must be handholds of adequate strength and number”

  17. PRESENT… (ix)Compliance demonstration (Your bit!) • ‘Load cases’/design cases • Analysis • Aerodynamic • Airframe loading • Systems safety (FMEA/SSA) • Test • Ground (Structural, func. & reliability, GVT) • Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)

  18. PRESENT… (x)Compliance demonstration (cont)‘Compliance checklist’

  19. PRESENT… (xiii)Compliance ‘finding’ (or ‘our bit’) • Why? • Independent check (on whether compliance achieved) • Legal ‘finding’ requirement • How? • Sample • Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s ‘approval’

  20. PRESENT… (xiv) Approval of Organisations • Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise • Authority/Agency has responsibility • The two are satisfied by: ‘approval’ (accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or produce (with a POA)

  21. PRESENT… (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA) • Organisation must be able to: • Demonstrate competence in chosen fields • Comply with regulatory requirements • Carry out privileges assoc. with approval • Both initially & through continued auditing

  22. FUTURE… (iii)Regulatory developments • Features: EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS • Tilt Rotor: BA609, ‘Composite’ of CS-25/29 • Civil/military programmes: A400M • Civil UAVSs: CAP 722; TC (using existing codes), DOA, POA • Environmental; Alt. fuels, blended wing-body • Plus … Single ‘Worldwide’ certifications?

  23. Any other questions? Good luck!

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