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New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production. Key Concept 4.2. Outline. Political and Economic Elites China Latin America North American British and French Catholicism in Latin America The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther The Counter Reformation The Jesuits

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New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

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  1. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Key Concept 4.2

  2. Outline • Political and Economic Elites • China • Latin America • North American British and French • Catholicism in Latin America • The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther • The Counter Reformation • The Jesuits • Effects of the Reformation • The Scientific Revolution • Developments in Labor Systems • Peasant Labor in Eurasia • Intensification and Effects of Slavery • Encomienda and Mita Systems of Latin America • Indentured Servitude

  3. Political and Economic Elites • Continuity of the time. • European merchants becoming part of the elite class. This was happening all over the globe, except China. • Manchus in China • From Manchuria • Defeated Ming, established Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) • Remained ethnic minority • Adopted Chinese ways and traditions • Merchants had low social status, but were wealthy.

  4. Political and Economic Elites • Creole elites of Latin America • Peninsulares, followed by the Creoles. These two merged over time. • Mestizos were a wide variety of mixed-race peoples. • Importance placed on physical appearance. • European elites in the thirteen British colonies and New France • Large landowners and wealthy merchants at the top of the socioeconomic pyramid. No matter how poor, a white person was always above Indians and African slaves.

  5. Catholicism in Latin America • Missionaries in Latin America had great success. • Evolved as it encountered traditional beliefs. • Christian saints took over precolonial gods, rituals the same. • Voodoo (vodun) emerged in the Caribbean.

  6. The Protestant Reformation • “Protestant”, “Reformation”, “Christianity”? • The Northern Renaissance factor was religious intensity. • 1517: St. Peter’s basilica restoration funded by sale of indulgences. • Documents (sometimes artifacts) granting forgiveness. • German monk Martin Luther responded with the Ninety-Five Theses.

  7. Martin Luther • Wrote a letter seeking clarification on church position, became known as the Ninety-Five Theses. • Railed against the sale of indulgences and the doctrine of justification. • God declares a sinner righteous by faith alone in God’s grace. • Taught salvation was a gift from God, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. • Concept of equality appealed to Europeans. • Women afforded no position however. • Refused to recant, eventually excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521. • The movable type helped spread the teachings of Luther. • Political climate in European was already boiling. • Nationalism and the German states • Merchant class • Henry VIII’s attempts to annul his marriage eventually led to England’s recognition of Protestantism by Elizabeth I. • John Calvin began preaching predestination, an idea carried all the way to North America.

  8. The Counter Reformation • Some within the Catholic Church considered Martin’s proposals. • Council of Trent met 1545-1563. • Abandoned sale of indulgences • Preserved traditional Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. • Organized the Jesuits.

  9. The Society of Jesus • Organized to serve as the missionary and educational arm of the Church. • Lots of success in Latin American conversions, and reversing Protestant gains in areas like Poland. • Not so much religious success in China, but intellectual success. • Ming and Qing emperors appointed Jesuits to head Bureau of Astronomy • Impressed Chinese with math and science • Marked a turning point in technological leadership from East to West

  10. Effects of the Reformation • Increased European questioning of political authority • Strengthened the authority of monarchs as papal power decreased • Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their children to be able to read the Bible • Improved the status of women within marriage as religious writers encouraged love between husband and wife • Created new Protestant churches

  11. The Scientific Revolution • Fifteenth and seventeenth centuries saw monarchs funding experiments with the hope that new technology would give their country a competitive edge in the new global economy. This led to all sorts of scientific developments. • Key debate: nature of the universe. • Copernicus—heliocentric theory • Galileo • Johannes Kepler • Isaac Newton • Vasilius • John Harvey • Supported additional research and standardized approach. • The Scientific Method • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • Western scientific thought: • General laws of nature • Improvement of humankind

  12. Developments in Labor Systems • Peasant labor • Russia expanded into Siberia and got into fur trading • Peasants trapped and processed furs, farmed land for wealthy, farmed potatoes • India had large textile industry, particularly muslin, produced by peasants • Chinese peasants involved in silk production

  13. Intensification and Effects of Slavery • Need for labor great throughout the world. • Sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil were harsh and required large numbers of laborers. • Most slaves that reached North America stopped in the Caribbean first. • Slaves transported to Middle East as servants and members of harems. • Slaves sent to Indian Ocean to serve in European colonies. • Demographics in Africa profoundly altered. • More males and than females transported, so patriarchal structure crumbled. • Increased African dependency on European technology.

  14. Encomienda and Mita Systems of Latin America • Spanish colonists used Amerindians that survived disease for labor needs. • Encomiendas were grants form the Spanish crown that allowed the holders to exploit the Indians living on the land they controlled. • Mita system in Peru adapted from system that required Incans to do public works service. Turned into forced labor system. • Father Bartolome de las Casas petitioned for Indians, eventually restructured as the repartamiento system. • This allowed a small salary to be paid to the Indians.

  15. Indentured Servitude • “Hired” servant by a sponsor in the colonies. • Agreed to work for a master until debt paid off—usually about seven years. • Most commonly agricultural laborer. • Free after debt is paid—if you survived. • Thousands of people migrated from Europe as indentured servants. Impressment was also common—sailors from captured foreign vessels were ‘pressed’ into duty.

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