New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production

1. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production Key Concept 4.2

2. Outline • Political and Economic Elites • China • Latin America • North American British and French • Catholicism in Latin America • The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther • The Counter Reformation • The Jesuits • Effects of the Reformation • The Scientific Revolution • Developments in Labor Systems • Peasant Labor in Eurasia • Intensification and Effects of Slavery • Encomienda and Mita Systems of Latin America • Indentured Servitude

3. Political and Economic Elites • Continuity of the time. • European merchants becoming part of the elite class. This was happening all over the globe, except China. • Manchus in China • From Manchuria • Defeated Ming, established Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) • Remained ethnic minority • Adopted Chinese ways and traditions • Merchants had low social status, but were wealthy.

4. Political and Economic Elites • Creole elites of Latin America • Peninsulares, followed by the Creoles. These two merged over time. • Mestizos were a wide variety of mixed-race peoples. • Importance placed on physical appearance. • European elites in the thirteen British colonies and New France • Large landowners and wealthy merchants at the top of the socioeconomic pyramid. No matter how poor, a white person was always above Indians and African slaves.

5. Catholicism in Latin America • Missionaries in Latin America had great success. • Evolved as it encountered traditional beliefs. • Christian saints took over precolonial gods, rituals the same. • Voodoo (vodun) emerged in the Caribbean.

6. The Protestant Reformation • “Protestant”, “Reformation”, “Christianity”? • The Northern Renaissance factor was religious intensity. • 1517: St. Peter’s basilica restoration funded by sale of indulgences. • Documents (sometimes artifacts) granting forgiveness. • German monk Martin Luther responded with the Ninety-Five Theses.

7. Martin Luther • Wrote a letter seeking clarification on church position, became known as the Ninety-Five Theses. • Railed against the sale of indulgences and the doctrine of justification. • God declares a sinner righteous by faith alone in God’s grace. • Taught salvation was a gift from God, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the Messiah. • Concept of equality appealed to Europeans. • Women afforded no position however. • Refused to recant, eventually excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521. • The movable type helped spread the teachings of Luther. • Political climate in European was already boiling. • Nationalism and the German states • Merchant class • Henry VIII’s attempts to annul his marriage eventually led to England’s recognition of Protestantism by Elizabeth I. • John Calvin began preaching predestination, an idea carried all the way to North America.

8. The Counter Reformation • Some within the Catholic Church considered Martin’s proposals. • Council of Trent met 1545-1563. • Abandoned sale of indulgences • Preserved traditional Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. • Organized the Jesuits.

9. The Society of Jesus • Organized to serve as the missionary and educational arm of the Church. • Lots of success in Latin American conversions, and reversing Protestant gains in areas like Poland. • Not so much religious success in China, but intellectual success. • Ming and Qing emperors appointed Jesuits to head Bureau of Astronomy • Impressed Chinese with math and science • Marked a turning point in technological leadership from East to West

10. Effects of the Reformation • Increased European questioning of political authority • Strengthened the authority of monarchs as papal power decreased • Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their children to be able to read the Bible • Improved the status of women within marriage as religious writers encouraged love between husband and wife • Created new Protestant churches

11. The Scientific Revolution • Fifteenth and seventeenth centuries saw monarchs funding experiments with the hope that new technology would give their country a competitive edge in the new global economy. This led to all sorts of scientific developments. • Key debate: nature of the universe. • Copernicus—heliocentric theory • Galileo • Johannes Kepler • Isaac Newton • Vasilius • John Harvey • Supported additional research and standardized approach. • The Scientific Method • Rene Descartes • Francis Bacon • Western scientific thought: • General laws of nature • Improvement of humankind

12. Developments in Labor Systems • Peasant labor • Russia expanded into Siberia and got into fur trading • Peasants trapped and processed furs, farmed land for wealthy, farmed potatoes • India had large textile industry, particularly muslin, produced by peasants • Chinese peasants involved in silk production

13. Intensification and Effects of Slavery • Need for labor great throughout the world. • Sugar plantations in the Caribbean and Brazil were harsh and required large numbers of laborers. • Most slaves that reached North America stopped in the Caribbean first. • Slaves transported to Middle East as servants and members of harems. • Slaves sent to Indian Ocean to serve in European colonies. • Demographics in Africa profoundly altered. • More males and than females transported, so patriarchal structure crumbled. • Increased African dependency on European technology.

14. Encomienda and Mita Systems of Latin America • Spanish colonists used Amerindians that survived disease for labor needs. • Encomiendas were grants form the Spanish crown that allowed the holders to exploit the Indians living on the land they controlled. • Mita system in Peru adapted from system that required Incans to do public works service. Turned into forced labor system. • Father Bartolome de las Casas petitioned for Indians, eventually restructured as the repartamiento system. • This allowed a small salary to be paid to the Indians.

15. Indentured Servitude • “Hired” servant by a sponsor in the colonies. • Agreed to work for a master until debt paid off—usually about seven years. • Most commonly agricultural laborer. • Free after debt is paid—if you survived. • Thousands of people migrated from Europe as indentured servants. Impressment was also common—sailors from captured foreign vessels were ‘pressed’ into duty.