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Corticosteroid level. LD. 0 4 8 12 16 20. Adrenal. . Cortex. rapid behavioral responses memory consolidation and retrieval fear and anxiety aggression locomotion vigilance and gating reward. VTA/SN DA. .
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Corticosteroid level LD 0 4 8 12 16 20 Adrenal Cortex • rapid behavioral responses • memory consolidation and retrieval • fear and anxiety • aggression • locomotion • vigilance and gating • reward VTA/SN DA Amygdala Hippocampus CRH/GABA Raphe nuclei 5-HT Locus coeruleus NE Circadian and ultradian rhythms of corticosteroid secretion Glutamate BNST Ultradian secretion Circadian profile GABA Hypothalamus (PVN) CRH AVP Anterior pituitary ACTH Zeitgeber time (z) active phase inactive phase rodent Corticosteroids human