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AVIATION INDUSTRY HISTORY IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD

Explore the early initiatives and development of the aviation industry in Turkey, including the establishment of aircraft factories, flight schools, and national air warfare industries. Discover the important role played by individuals and organizations in shaping Turkey's aviation history.

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AVIATION INDUSTRY HISTORY IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD

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  1. AVIATION INDUSTRY HISTORY IN TURKEY AND IN THE WORLD

  2. Aviation Industry Initiatives In Turkey • Industrialization in Europe: 1903-1909, England, France, Germany, Italy • 1913 Hungarian Proposal: A draft agreement on the proposal for the establishment of the Aircraft Factory and the Flight School in Istanbul following the Balkan War: • School education period 6 months • Teachers and equipment to be supplied from the factory • The company will establish an aircraft factory next to the school • Engines to be taken from where the government deems it appropriate • Turkish workers to be employed over time • A number of aircraft will be available for purchase • Civil training will also be provided • New inventions will be kept confidential

  3. 1914, OtherInitiation: At the military factory, two technicians received permission to manufacture planes, without any consequences. • 1916 GermanInitiation: A delegation from the German Ministry of War for the installation of the Aircraft Factory was brought, a negative report was given due to technical insufficiency, and the German company Stinnes gave up the same reasoning. • Between 1914 and 1918, 200,000 aircraft and 250,000 engines were manufactured in Europe.

  4. (1923) 30 Ekim, Cumhuriyetin ilk sabahı.. • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'nin nüfusu 13 milyon, • 11 milyon insan köylerde yaşıyor. 40 bin köy var, 37 bininde okul yok, postane yok, dükkan yok. • 30 bin köyde, yani  her4 köyün 3'ünde cami yok. • Traktör sayısı sıfır (0). biçer döver sayısı 0,  ayçiçeği üretimi yok., şeker üretimi yok. ekmeklik un ithal,  pirinç ithal.. • Bütün memlekette sadece 5000 hektar alan sulanıyor. • 5000 köyde sığır vebası var. Hayvanlar kırılıyor, insanlar kırılıyor, • 1 milyon kişi frengili, 2 milyon kişi sıtma, 3 milyon kişi trahomlu. Verem, tifo, tifüs salgını var. Bitle başa çıkılamıyor • 13 milyon nüfus,  6 milyon hasta.

  5. Memlekette sadece 337 doktor var , sadece 60 eczacı var 8'i Türk. • Hemşire sayısı sadece 4 • Diş hekimi sayısı 0 (sıfır). • 40 bin köy var, ebe sayısı sadece 136

  6. Gazete  sadece İstanbul ve İzmir'de var • Erkeklerin sadece yüzde 7 si, • Kadınların sadece binde 4 'ü okuma yazma biliyor. • Okur yazar erkeklerin ezici çoğunluğu, subaylar ve gayrimüslimden oluşuyor. • Okul çağına gelen her 4 çocuğumuzdan 3'ü okula gitmiyor. • Toplam 4894 İlkokul. Sadece 72 ortaokul, ve  23 lise var. • Başkent Ankara'da lise sayısı sadece 2. Türkiye'nin bütün liselerinde sadece 230 kayıtlı kız öğrenci var. • Öğretmenlerin 3/1'nin öğretmenlik diploması yok. • Ülkede sadece 1 tane üniversite var. O da İstanbul'da 1863'te kurulan Darülfünun

  7. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, kendi el yazısıyla  30 Ekim 1923 sabahı İsmet Paşa'ya şu mektubu yazıyor:  • "Bize geri, borçlu, hastalıklı bir vatan miras kaldı. Yoksul ve esir ülkelere örnek olacağız. Kaderin bizim kuşağımıza yüklediği bir görev var. Özgür bir toplum oluşturmak, çağdaşlaşmak, bu ideali gerçekleştirmek zorundayız. Bu görevin ağırlığını ve onurunu seninle paylaşmak istedim. Allah yardımcımız olsun.."

  8. Aviation Industry Initiatives In Turkey EarlyRepublicanEraAviationIndustryInitiatives: Republican leaders know the importance of aviation and related industrialization very well. • Atatürk's Aviation Strategy: • Strong Air Force • NationalAir Warfare Industry • People Participation in Aviation (Donatios)

  9. Republican EraAirIndustryInitiatives «After that, all our aircraft and engines should be built in our country and our air warfare industry should be formed according to this principle. Considering the importance of the Air Force, it is necessary to plan this project and keep it alive with the importance that it deserves.» (Atatürk, 1925)

  10. AirIndustryInitiatives • State Enterprises (TOMTAŞ) • THK undertakings • PrivateSectorEnterprises General (R) Abidin ÜNAL, Former Commander of TAF

  11. «Tayyare ve Motor Türk Anonim Şirketi»: TOMTAŞ • The most serious state project in accordance with Atatürk's Aviation Strategy • German Junkers Company. The Treaty of Versailles forbade aircraft production in Germany.

  12. TOMTAŞ • Contract with the German Junkers Company: • All planes will be purchased from Germany until the plant is operational • TOMTAŞ will produce and revise the aircraft and engine we need • Aircraft and engine plant to be established in Kayseri • All types of machinery-equipment to meet with Junkers • Repair center will be established in Eskişehir • The company will also carry out cvilairline transportation and operations • The Company shall be authorized to seek oil and mineral in Turkey.

  13. TOMTAŞ • The goal of the state is to reach 1000 aircraft in 4 years. Every 4 years to produce 250 refresh aircraft. • The Company has equal partnership established with the capital of 3.5 Million Lira. (TTC/TAA is shared with 125 thousandliras) 120 German, 50 Turkish staff (trained in Germany) will work

  14. TOMTAŞ • It was opened on 6 October 1926. • Firstly 30 German A-20 Mounting and 3 F-13 production • Maintenance, repair and overhaul of aircraft in the inventory • On 3 May 1928 the Germans withdrew. TOMTAŞ was transferred to the Turkish Aviation Association withthecost of 520 Thousand Liras • 1931 theFactorywas attached to MOD.Withthe name of «Kayseri Aircraft Factory» production, maintenance and revisions were continued.Today it is «Kayseri AirSupplyandMaintanance Center» • German Lufthansa again interested in 1937, but failed

  15. AirplanesandGlidersProduced in TOMTAŞ: • Installation of 20 A-20 in 1926 • 1927 Production of 3 F-13 • 1933-1939; 22 Curtiss Hawk 2production, 24 CurtissHawk 2 assembly

  16. AirplanesandGlidersProduced in TOMTAŞ: • 7Curtiss Fledging production • 1936-1937,43 Gotha-145 production • Production of 37 PZL P-24

  17. AirplanesandGlidersProduced in TOMTAŞ: • In 1935, 27 units of Gliders • 1941-26 MilesMagisterproduction • It was used as a maintenance and repair center after Miles Magister, therewerenomoreproduction

  18. TurkishAviationAssocaition: THK/TAA • In1919 the “TurkishTransportAssociation“ was formed in Istanbul. • 16 February 1925, “Turkish Aviation Association“ was established. Atatürk determines the purpose: • To develop the foundations of aviation industryandenhance it. • Explain military, economic, social and political importance of aviation. • Ensuring the development of military, civil and touristic aviation. • Training staff. • To train Turkish youth in aviation.(Uçan gençlik)

  19. TAA/TTC • 1925 Evaluation of Prime Minister İsmet İnönü who participated in the First Grand Congress of TAA/TTC: «When we say aviation, we think of the aircraft, the aircraft engineer, from the most scrap parts tothe most sensitive parts.Whileenhancingtheaircraftengeneering as a nationalability at thesame time allthepartshaveto be manufactured indeginiously, in additiontothatall relatedbasic materials to be removed from ournational reserves. To summarize we aim to bring together the experts who has technical skills and the courageous pilotswho will use these planes with full competence and courage.»

  20. TAA/TTC • Between 1925 and 1935, 54 million Turkish Liras was transferred to the Turkish Air Force and 350 donation aircraft were transferred. • Prime Minister İNÖNÜ at the TAA/TTC Fifth Grand Congress: «The average should be 500 aircraft to Turkey's air defenses. This is 30 million liras of money. It is necessary to wait many years to meet this budget. Moreover, for the maintenance of the planes takes theother 30 million lirasannually. The annual airbudget of the somemajor states is around 150-200 million lira. ... Turkey in terms of the presence of air still needs to be prepared accordingly knowing that there is no other choice but to rely on our own power.» • TTC became the THK (TAA) in the 6th TTC 6th Congress in 1935 and TÜRKKUŞU was established to train the Flying Youth which is one of the aims of the institution.

  21. TAA • In 1935, a maintenance and revision workshop was established for Türkkuşu. It was established to provide services to the Airlines and Air Force. • The study commissioned by the scientists who fled the Second World War. TheCommissionevaluatedKırıkkale, Istanbul, Kayseri, Eskişehir factoriesandexaminedshipyardstalls in Istanbul,and workshops in Sivas. TheCommission has concluded that the production capacity of the aircraft in Turkey. Suggestions: . Increase Türkkuşu’ maitanance workshop toaircraftfactorylevel. . Establishment of Engine Factory. . Production of domestic raw materials. . Development of auxiliary industry. . Establishment of wind tunnel.

  22. THK/TAA aimed to implement this program; • Türkkuşu workshop transformed into aircraft factory (with R & D unit) • Gazi Engine Factory was established • Gazi Wind Tunnel was established.

  23. .THK Eti Aircraft FactoryAirplane and glider production (including Design Center were made)

  24. THK Eti Aircraft FactoryProductions THK-1 2 SeaterGliderTHK-2 Training Aircraft, 12 units

  25. THK Eti Aircraft FactoryProductions • THK-3AerobaticPlane, largeamount • THK-4 Training Glider • THK-5Miles Magister, 2-PersonTraining Aircraft, produced in large quantities and blocked 26 aircraft orders from Denmark

  26. THK/TAA Eti Aircraft FactoryProductions THK-5A6-PersonTouristAircraft, 6 units THK-7 Training GliderFor TÜRKUŞU THK-8 GliderforTürkkuşu THK-10 Light Transport Plane, 10 units THK-11 TouristAircraft, 1 unit THK-12 12 seater (StateAirlinesdid not buy) THK-13 Experiment Gliders THK-14 First Training Aircraft

  27. THK GAZI ENGINE FACTORY • THK Headquarters said«As each bird flies with its own wing, every nation must fly with its own plane. Withoutaviation a nation can not be defended. Forthatreason aviation industry should come first.» Engine Factorywasindispansiblepart of theaircraft factory, which is like meat and nails. • Contact with American and British firms has failed. • The General Staff and Air Forces supported the idea of an engine factory, provided staff and contributed to the training. • Gazi Engine Factorywas opened in October 30, 1948. 141 personnel (9 engineers, 11 designers, 12 foremen, 25 officers, 66 workers, 8 employees), has a modern plant with an annual production capacity of 200 engines at 145 horsepower.

  28. Produced at Gazi Engine Factory: • 60 pieces Gipsy-Major engine • 120 engine revision • Small diameter motors • Factors that prevent the development of the factory • Customer wasstate, but it did notsupportenough • Dispute with foreign engineers, politics, • more civil servant thanworkers • Developments in the West: • The Jet Age starts, • Air Force wants jet engine, • Enterprise insists on pistoned engine • Doctrine of TRUMAN and US aid (1947-1949) • Marshall Aid (1950-1953)

  29. Whathappened? • In the General Assembly of THK 1952, it was decided to transfer aircraft and motor factories. It was transferred to MKEK for 4 MTL. • Etimesgut Aircraft factory continued production until 1955. TheFactory produced 60 UĞUR-IV typeaircraftfor Air Force. • In 1954, Gazi Motor Factory was transformed into a TRACTOR factory with the partnership of a US company and Ziraat Bank.

  30. THK ANKARA WIND TUNNEL (AWT) • AWT, which started in 1947 and was completed in 1950, is a very important skill for aircraft design and prototype experiments. • There were only 4 in Europe. It is a Subsonic Wind Tunnel. It is revised in 2000s and uses byTUBITAK-SAGE.

  31. Why did the air warfare industry fail in its attempts? • The answer can be found in both; • THK's 1948 «Protection of AirWarfareIndustryandDevelopingReports" and • Difficulties in the SecondWorldWar and followingdevelopments

  32. TAA/THK’s 1948 Report TAA/THK’s 1948 Report: • AirIndustryshould be organized as a whole by the government • For the regular operation of THK aircraft and engine factories, the collection of the relevant state industry branches as an economic entity under a state authority. • AirForce’srequirementshaveto be plannedanddeclared as a long-term program by the General Staff • According to this program, aircraft orders (takingintoaccountdomestic production of aircraft) from domestic industrial facilities

  33. TAA/THK’s 1948 Report: • Aircraft to be used in other works of the state and public serviceshaveto be produceddomestically • Establishment of institutes and laboratories for scientific and technical research and experience, and permanent supportbystate • Utilization of the air industry by the existing legal exemption(tax. Ect) • The establishment of the National Industrial Coordination Board under the Prime Ministry's order for these to be provided.

  34. SITUATION AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR • The end of the European war has yielded 8 million casualties and 20 million casualties. • 1.7 million soldiers were present during the war (Population 17 Million) Very heavy burdenforTurkey • European armies, excluding the Soviet army in the post-war period, were demobilized / reduced, inward-looking efforts accelerated for the purpose of reconstruction and economic recovery • Turkeywasaloneagainst Soviet demands (TurkishStraits, Kars/Ardahan) andTurkisharmyalone against Sovietthreats

  35. SITUATION AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR • Therefore, Turkey maintains the army and seeks support • England did not interested in the issue. Englandleft theissueto United States to handle. United States returns to internal politics and reduces the army. • In 1946 United Statesrecognisedthedanger of SovietinfluenceoverTurkeyandGreece. • USA implemented a support program tostrenghtendefenseprograms; the name of the aid is TRUMAN Doctrine. • The Marshall Plan (US plan to lift the collapsed Europe in war) (1950-1953)

  36. SPECIAL INITITATIVES(Vecihi HÜRKUŞ, Nuri DEMİRAĞ) Vecihi HÜRKUŞ: • A life dedicatedtoaviation, NCO, mechanic, pilot, fighter pilot, aircraftengineer, entrepreneur, producer, civilaviator, broadcaster, association, THK andTürkkuşu. • Ottomanperiod NCO, mechanic, Palestinianfront. • 1916 Flight trainingandbeing pilot in Istanbul • Flight missions in Iraqi Front andCaucasian Front; prisoner in Russia • Escape fromRussiaandcivilian pilot in Istanbul

  37. Vecihi HÜRKUŞ • IndependenceWar: Aircraft abductionfromIstanbulto Anatolia, missions «as a civilwarpilots» first at theeastfront, thenthe western front • ESKİŞEHİR, theGreekairassaultkilled his sister. His daughter Edibe Hürkuş THK parachutemartyr in1936 • 1923 Flight Instructor Pilot at Air Force flightschool in Seydikoy • Aircraft designedbyhim: . 1916/1917 İstanbul .1924 Seydiköy, VECİHİ K-VI produced, Flight test and 180 Km/hrspeed . 15 dayspunishmentandtheaircraftwascaptured !!

  38. Vecihi HÜRKUŞ • 1925 Resigns and joins the TTCfor promotional flights throughout the Turkeyto encouragepeople to donate aircraft. • 1926 He joined TOMTAŞ as Chief Pilot. Selects the type of aircraft to be manufactured • 1929 leaves TOMTAŞ, joinsTTC as TechnicalBranch Chief,he designed aircraft, beingscold. • 1930 he tookyearly leave and 2 months of unpaid leave and manufactured VECİHİ K-XIV and he MADE FLİGHT TEST but he cannot get a certificate.

  39. With the encouragement The Chief of General Staff he goes to Czechoslovakia and receives a certificate in 5 months. He flew back to his homeland. • He offersAnkara-Istanbul postal service, and no result. • He continues TTC’ promotionalflights, then it is prohibited to publicize his private plane for various reasons, the salary is cut, leftthe TTC. • 1932 Establishes his own flightschool in Istanbul, trains many pilots, trains first woman pilot Bedriye GÖKMEN.

  40. . Theplanes he manufactured: . VECİHİ K-VI . VECİHİ K-XIV . VECİHİ K-XV Training Aircraft . VECİHİ K-XVI Transport Aircraft for Nuri Demirağ . XSK Marine rescue, prototype

  41. Vecihi HÜRKUŞ • 1935 Turns back to TTC at the foundation of Türkkuşu (at Atatürk's request) • 1939 He goes to Germany to study Aircraft Engineering, to get a diploma in 2 years. • Negative report of MSB about VECİHİ K-XV training aircraftforAir Force. • He wasassigned to Van fordesk Works, he resigns • 1947 Establishes the Wings Association, publishes the magazine in İstanbul • 1952 Aerial advertising flights • 1954 Hürkuş Airlines (6 aircraft). State airline does’t want to rival, after 1960 he cannot fly • 1958 Aviators Club organization.

  42. Nuri DEMİRAĞ • Bank clerk, inspector, businessman, railway producer, wealthy, a life devoted to aviation and thenpolitics. • Aircraft DonationCampaign: His response: ToProduce Aircraft. • 1936 He established Tayyare Factory with Design Workshop in Beşiktaş • 1936 GÖK Okulları: Aviationschools in Divriği and Flight School in Yeşilköy • He aims GÖK Universitywith 12 Division

  43. 1937-1938 He sells 45 Glidersand 10 Training Planesto TAA/YHK Nu.D-36 School plane . Nu.D-38 Passenger plane

  44. Design Engineer SelahattinRaşit ALAN designed MMV-1 trainingaircraft. • Martyr on the test flight

  45. Nuri DEMİRAĞ • 1941 Parachute production factory establishes • 1941 Opening of ITU Aeronautical Engineering Department • 1942 THK did not buy ordered planes (Reason; Motor. Lost the court.) • State Airlines did not receive Nu.D-38 • Tosaveaviationefforts, his applicationto political leaders has failed

  46. Nuri DEMİRAĞ • GÖK Schools trained 290 pilots (32,000 sorties) • Yesilkoyairfieldwas nationalized, MOD suspendedhis authority to make revisionsforAir Force • 1945 Opposition Party (National Development Party) • 1954 DP Deputy, he proposedcontemporary projects, in 1957 passed away

  47. AFTER WW II TRUMAN DOCTRINE: (President of the United States) It is a financialandmaterial support project for civil and military purposes (material, service, information sharing and technical personnel) to Turkey and Greece in order to prevent Soviet proliferation on May 22, 1947. In the context of the Agreement; “... Ensuring the reinforcement of the security forces that Turkey needs to preserve its freedom and independence, as well as maintaining the stability of its economy... " • 400 million in 1947, 225 million in 1948, 211 million in 1949, and this is an ongoing aid until NATO enters. Control of the use of money in the US jurisdiction, the ownership of the material provided is on the US side. There is also training in the context of help. 1948 THK aircraft to give up its production target.

  48. AFTER WW II • MARSHALL PLAN: (US Secretary of State) The goal of the plan is to raise Europe, which was destroyed in battle. The United States, which is closed by the Monroe doctrine, decides to take part in bilateral or regional defence structures with the decision of Vandenberg. US Secretary of State George Marshall made a call to Europeans "we want to help, come together". 1947, including Turkey, 16 countries "European Economic Development Programme" has been ready and presented to the United States.

  49. AFTER WW II MARSHALL PLAN: (US Secretary of State) • U.S. approved, 3rd April 1948 Economic Cooperation Law, 21 billion dollars predicted. On April 16, 1948, the European Organisation for Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was founded. Originally excluded from Turkey, then included Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia Joint defence initiatives in the United States and Europe Soviet Siege of Berlin 9 April 1949 NATO's founding

  50. MARSHALL PLAN AND TURKEY Assistance to Turkey. The aid started in 1948 the priority was agriculture, health(malaria, tuberculosisetc). At first wheat and 30,000 agricultural vehicleswereprovided. • Project Fields Agriculture Highways, State railways, state sea roads Water Works(DSİ)EtibankSümerbank Soil Crops Office(TMO) Monopoly(TEKEL) • Oil Office (PETROL OFİSİ) Mining and exploration (MTA)

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