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Revolution is here

Learn about the American Revolution and the events that led to the colonists' quest for independence. Explore the arguments of the Patriots and Loyalists, the significance of the First Continental Congress, the Lexington and Concord battles, and the influence of Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Decide for yourself the fate of the colonies.

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Revolution is here

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  1. Revolution is here Shot Heard Around the World-Constitution

  2. TORIES VS PATRIOTS Rebels/ Patriots • colonists who supported colonial independence • Cut all ties w/ Britain • Famous Patriots: Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, and George Washington Tory/Loyalist • colonist who supported Great Britain • wanted the colonies to remain part of Britain • End of the war: became refugees and forced to leave America

  3. FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • Convened over the threat of British Tyranny • Coercive/Intolerable Acts=last straw • 12/13 colonies send delegates (Not Georgia) • Meeting commences Sept. 4, 1774 @ Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia • Ultimate goal: resolve the tension between Great Britain and the colonies • Petition for Grievances to King George III

  4. GALLOWAY v. HENRY Joseph Galloway; Lawyer from Philadelphia • Warned of the damages of severing ties with Great Britain; Loyalty argument • Proposes an imperial relationship w/ GB • Patrick Henry: Representative from VA House of Burgesses • Emotional speech on patriotism and Great Britain’s abuse • Proposes a permanent split between Great Britain and the colonies

  5. Activity: Debate • Side 1: Patriot, Patrick Henry • Side 2: Loyalist, Joseph Galloway • Panel Chosen Later: 3 judge neutral panel • Discuss Q’s 1-4 with you side what you agree to be your strongest arguments. On your poster: draw out the arguments your position has to offer. • PRESENT: mini debate (2 speakers) • YOU DECIDE: after the arguments are presented to you, what should the colonies do?

  6. “GIVE ME LIBERTY, OR GIVE ME DEATH”

  7. Main Arguments Patriot Argument • British are taking colonies for granted • Not allowed to act/live freely like Englishmen • Not represented in government • British not protecting colonists’ interests Loyalist Argument: • Colonies are British property • Parliament is acting as it should (agreed to be governed) • We are British!!! • Colonies are causing British to respond this way

  8. End Result: COLONISTS DIVIDED, 1ST CC Agreements Disagreements Stay with Britain vs. break away? One country or separate entities? American or British? • Britain needed to understand grievances • Upset over taxations and acts passed • Something must be done to prevent war • SIGNIFICANCE • Met in defianceof the King/Colonial Governments • Agreed to meet AGAINin May 1775 if something wasn’t done; represented a continued colonial legislature • More colonists are becoming politically active

  9. Let Freedom Ring? • Separatist Movement Defined: seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region • 2008: 20% of Americans believe any state can leave the union; up to 23% by 2014 • Opinions? • Based on the argument just discussed, does the same sentiment apply to the following scenarios? • Texas leaving Mexico • Civil War • Hawaii/New Hampshire Separatist Movement

  10. Number 1-20 Include name and clicker number

  11. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD • April 1775 • General Gage receives orders to seize colonial military supplies in Concord, MA • Arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock • 700 British troops head to Concord • PaulRevereand William Dawes to Lexington to warn the people; Samuel Prescott warns the militia in Concord

  12. Lexington and Concord

  13. LEXINGTON AND CONCORD • British march into Lexington; unknown shot is fired • 8 minutemen killed, 10 wounded • British keep marching to Concord but find no weapons • Concord: run into 400 minutemen • British retreat

  14. End Results • Guerilla warfareused by colonists; win the battle • British lose 99 men, 74 wounded • Militia loses 49 men, 46 wounded • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZMmPWTwTHc

  15. PROBLEMS • Impact on the future???? • REMEMBER: these events are treasonous! • 2nd CC convenes over Lexington/Concord events; what to do? YOU DECIDE!

  16. 2ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS • May 1775 • 2CC meets in Philadelphia again • Split between 2 groups: Do we leave or stay? • Decisions made: • Colonial militias are the Continental Army • George Washingtonappointed as General of Continental Army

  17. 2nd Continental Congress • July 1775: Olive Branch Petition to King George III asking for time to work out the situation peacefully • Dismissed by King; declares colonies are in open rebellion • NO MORE PEACE

  18. THOMAS PAINE

  19. THOMAS PAINE • January 1776: Tomas Paine—figureof the American Enlightenment • Publishes a persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense • The King is the Problem • Monarchy is inherently bad • Written for the common people • Bible quotes

  20. Common sense Arguments • Why should tiny England rule the vastness of a continent? • How can colonists expect to gain foreign support while still professing loyalty to the British king? • How much longer can Americans stand for the repeated abuses of the Crown? • Thought to be an extremist by Jefferson and J. Adams

  21. REVIEW QUESTIONS • What is the Patriot argument for freedom? • What is the Loyalist argument for staying? • What was the purpose/job of the Continental Congress? • What document did they send to King George? • How did King George react to the list of grievances presented by the Continental Congress? • Who wrote Common Sense? • What was his main argument? • Why was this document effective? • PREVIEW: What is the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? • Who wrote this document? • When was it finalized (date)?

  22. Preparing for WAR Answer the following with a partner: • How will going to war affect the colonies? • How will people prepare? • Who will participate? • What possible social/economic issues could arise? How will the colonies prepare? • How will you identify who is a supporter and who is not?

  23. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • Separation proposed by Patrick Henry Lee in June 1776 • Committee made up of John Adams, Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. • July 4th, 1776 final vote 12-0 with NY abstaining • This document declares the colonies are now The United States of America, not British colonies. • Cost if Americans succeed? Cost if they lose? • Too Late to Apologize • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnDRhOAAQ1g

  24. classwork • Make a chart that compares the Original and the Finished D.o.I. Choose FIVE differences that you see. Then explain: Why did the committee make these changes? • Answer all questions on the D.o.I. listed in your packet. Note the grievances in your own words. • Compare the British army and Continental Army with a + for strength and – for weakness. Then answer the question at the bottom. • Using a Chromebook, fill in the “Battles” Chart for the rest of class.

  25. Revolutionary War Battles Bunker Hill to the Siege at Yorktown

  26. BEGINNING OF THE WAR • Military vs. Moral victories: what is the difference? • What is the significance of each of these battle? Work on your chart: • Battle of Bunker Hill • Battle of Trenton • ADD IN Problems at Valley Forge • Battle of Saratoga • Battle of King’s Mountain • Guilford Court House • Siege of Yorktown

  27. The war: a breakdown • Lexington/Concord 1775-Battle of Yorktown 1781; • Long and bitter struggle on colonists’ side • Fighting a war, forming a new identity Colonies: 2.6 million inhabitants • 40% of population actively join cause • 20-30% side with the British (mostly Southern colonies) • Rest try to stay neutral/uninvolved Loyalists/Tories: NY, NJ, and GA; 520-780,000 people Wealthier/conservative; often supplied British troops Native Americans: Supported Loyalists after American attacks Promised limited settlements Patriots: NE states and VA Reluctant to leave their regions; small troop sizes for Americans African Americans 5,000 fought as Patriots; NE Promised freedom by both sides

  28. Battles • Lexington/Concord: April 19, 1775 • British “victory”, American morale • Bunker Hill: June 16, 1775 • American victory, raised morale • Battle of Trenton: December 26, 1776 • American victory, reenergized colonists

  29. Struggles • Even though the French join in, the colonists are still struggling • Valley Forge: read about the problems colonists faced

  30. Valley forge • December 1777 (While Franklin was away with France to discuss tactics/supplies) • 20 mi. north of British occupied Philadelphia • No food, log cabins, enlistment terms ending • Farmers horded food • CHANGES • General Baron von Steuben (Prussian) • Inoculation • 12,000 troops remained-disciplined

  31. TIDES TURN • Before 1777—America loses frequently • After 1777—America gains European support and wins more often • Battle of Saratoga: American troops, led by Benedict Arnold, stop the British advance of troops to the southern United States • This victory improves morale and convinces Franceto join the war as allies of the United States

  32. FRANCE JOINS THE WAR • 1778: France has secretlybeen sending war supplies to the Patriots in America since the start of the war. • Recognizes colonies as INDEPENDENT from Great Britain • February 6, 1778, France officially recognizes the United States as a nation

  33. Battles • King’s Mountain: October 7, 1780 • No British surrender but Loyalists surrender • Guilford County Courthouse: March 15, 1781 • British military victory but lose 25% of troops

  34. SIEGE OF YORKTOWN • April 1781-October 1781 • After the Battle of Saratoga, Patriots continue to win key battles with the help of France • British General Cornwallis: needs to take control of Virginia to win the war • Cornwallis teams up with Benedict Arnold (now BRITISH) and they have victories in Virginia until June of 1781

  35. SIEGE OF YORKTOWN • June 1781: Cornwallis faces defeat and retreats to Yorktown; Chesapeake Bay=access to British Navy • September 28: American and French forces surround Yorktown • Washington and Lafayette • October 19, 1781: Cornwallissurrenders (not in person!) • 8000 British soldiers march out of Yorktown and put down their weapons; WAR IS OVER

  36. TREATY OF PARIS • In March of 1782, Parliament begins peace negotiations • Committee: John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay negotiate for the Americas • September 3, 1783: the Treaty of Paris is signed. Britain recognized the United States of America as anindependentnation

  37. TREATY OF PARIS Stipulations 3. Americans stop persecuting Loyalists in the colonies 4. Restore property and repay debt to Loyalists 1. British recognizes independence 2. Concedes fishing rights in Canadian waters and lands (doubled nation’s size)

  38. Government: who rules now? Forming a Constitution

  39. Government During the war… • COLONIES STILL NOT UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT!!! STATE Constitutions: • Conservatives: stressed need for law and order • Liberals: protect individual rights/prevent tyranny • Each State Constitution stressed 4 things: • Basic list of Rights • Separation of Powers (Leg, Ex, Jud) • Voting (white male property owners) • Office Holding: higher property=office

  40. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • Created in 1776-77, Ratified by states in 1781 • First constitution for the US as a whole • Created by a committee from the 2CC • Modeled after Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union • Significance: even before ratification, the A of C allowed 2CC to act as the governingbody • READ YOUR COPY: Problems???

  41. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • The A of C establish the US as a CONFEDERATION of sovereign states • One-house congress (each state equal), no separate executive, no separate judiciary system THINGS TO CONSIDER: If you were a state, what would you think about this? How would you want to participate? What did colonists just get rid of?

  42. Articles of Confederation Accomplishments Problems Financial: War debt goes unpaid, worthless paper money, no tax power for government Foreign: no respect for a country that can’t pay off its debt/ take effective government action Domestic: uprisings against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money • Winning the War: US Gov’t could claim credit for victory and for negotiating T.o.P. terms • Land Ordinance of 1785: est a policy for distributing the western land • Northwest Ordinance of 1787: created rules for accepting new territory and creating new states

  43. Shays rebellion • Pro-Debtor Laws: forgiving debt and printing more paper money • SHAY’S REBELLION: Daniel Shay of MA organizes troops to liberate farmers • James Bowdoin (Gov.) confronts and crushes movement • SIGNIFICANCE?

  44. Social changes Slavery Contradicted the spirit of the Revolution Congress votes to end slave importation; N frees slaves, S depends on their labor • Abolition of Aristocrats • State legislatures deny titles • No longer recognize primogeniture • Confiscation of large estates owned by the Loyalists • Women • During the War: cooks, nurses, fight, maintained the economy during the war • After War: 2nd class status Separation of Church and State • No financial support to any religious group • South disestablishes Anglican Church

  45. Activity • Come up with a set of six classroom rules that students and the teacher must abide by • You can come up with the rules any way you want • You can use the board, paper, whatever you need to accomplish this task • You have 10 minutes to complete your class rules GO!

  46. Constitution: what is it? CONSTITUTION: the basic principles and laws of a nation, state, or social group that determine the powers and duties of the government and guarantee certain rights to the people in it

  47. During your Discussion… • Who made the decisions? • How were the decisions made? • Were there discussions? • Did you change from any of your original ideas? How did it happen? • Did any factions in develop?

  48. 1787 Drafting the Constitution • 55 white male delegates • College educated; wealthier; lawyers, acquainted with constitutions • GW unanimously elected • Written mostly by James Madison • Goal: Strengthen the nation • ISSUES: 1. Representation 2. Slavery 3. Trade

  49. Constitutional Convention • Philadelphia 1787 • Met in secret-no press • Madison: VA Plan • National Supremacy above state sov. • Direct vote of some national leaders • 3 branches of central government-bicameral legislature

  50. Opposition • Rejected by small states • NJ Plan: • Unicameral legislature • One vote per state • POPULATION=PROBLEM • NY leaves in disgust!

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