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Vietnam

Vietnam. Chapter 30. France in Vietnam. From 1800- World War II-(Japanese took over)-French rule Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) French take land from peasants, built large plantations, rice and rubber

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Vietnam

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  1. Vietnam Chapter 30

  2. France in Vietnam • From 1800- World War II-(Japanese took over)-French rule Indochina (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) • French take land from peasants, built large plantations, rice and rubber • unrest by the peasants, prompted response from the French-restricted freedom of speech, assembly and jailed Vietnamese nationalists-failed • Vietnamese Communist party leader-Ho Chi Minh>

  3. Ho Chi Minh • “He who enlightens”-Nguyen Tat Thanh • cook on a French steamship-visits cities all over the world • World War I-moves to France-gardener, waiter, photo retoucher, oven stoker • “Uncle Ho”-ruled North Vietnam from 1954-1969 • one party rule-repressed all opposition • In 1975-North Vietnam captured South Vietnam and renamed capital Ho Chi Minh City from Saigon

  4. French lose Indochina • 1941-Ho Chi Minh returns from exile-form a nationalist group called the Vietminh-Vietnamese independence from foreign influence • September 2, 1945-Vietnam declares its independence • French moves back in in 1946 • regains control of the southern half of the country • Ho Chi vows to free Vietnam-”The Elephant (France) will impale him on his mighty tusks. But the Tiger will not pause, and the elephant will die of exhaustion and loss of blood.” • 1950-US enters the struggle

  5. France loses Vietnam • Truman sends $15m in aid to France • US paid for much of France’s effort to regain and hold-$2.6 B • Cold War causes the backing of France • Eisenhower and the Domino Theory-Countries on the brink-fall like dominoes- • despite massive US aid-French could not retake Vietnam-final incredible loss coming at Dien Bien Phu-led by Vo Nguyen Gap • surrounded and pounded the fort for 2 months-French begin pull out after the fall of Dien Bien Phu

  6. Geneva Accords • July, 1954 • France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, The United States, China, Laos, Cambodia, Vietminh and South Vietnam’s Government • 1.temporary split of Vietnam along the 17th parallel-North-Communist and Ho Chi Minh-South anti-Communist government • 2. Election in 1956 • US took more active role in South Vietnam

  7. United States in VietnamEisenhower Era • South Vietnam’s President-Ngo Dinh Diem>-cancels election-called for war against the Communist-promised help by Eisenhower • Diem corrupt, -suppressed protest-no land back to the peasants • Diem is a Catholic-problem in a large Buddhist population • 1957-Vietcong begin a guerilla war in the south • later National Liberation Front(NLF)-supported by Ho • Ho Chi Minh Trail-Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Vietcong-supplied Vietcong by Ho Chi Minh • Eisenhower is going to “sink or swim” with Diem

  8. United States in VietnamKennedy Era • Increased financial aid to Diem • military advisers-16,000 • Diem popularity plummets • strategic hamlet program-moving all villager to protected areas • attacks on Buddhists continued • to counter these attacks Buddhist clerics, nuns publicly burned themselves • appalled Americans saw these images on TV -Diem refused to stop • November 1, 1963-US supported military coup occurred-Diem executed-against Kennedy’s wishes

  9. United States in VietnamJohnson Era • “If I let the... Communist take over South Vietnam, then … my nation would be seen as an appeaser, and we would find it impossible to accomplish anything … anywhere on the entire globe.” • Tonkin Gulf Resolution-August 4, 1964-North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox • prompted all necessary measures to repel attack • 414 to 0 in House 88 to 2 in Senate • not a declaration of war but gave Johnson broad powers to conduct war

  10. Escalation • Support for containment-ironically Johnson beat Barry Goldwater in 1964 by preaching moderation-Goldwater spoke of war to contain • Johnson-1964 “not about to send American boys 9 or 10,000 miles away from home to do what Asian boys ought to do themselves” • Secretary of Defense - Robert McNamara> and Secretary of State Dean Rusk worked with Johnson to send 10’s of thousands away • 1965 poll- 61% supported the US policy in Vietnam • Troop buildup accelerates-by the end of 1965-180,000 • led by General William Westmoreland-aggressive US deployment • South Vietnamese and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) are unimpressive • by 1967-500,000

  11. War in the Jungle • US is superior in the number of troops, weaponry • North Vietnam-jungle terrain, type of war (guerilla war) • Vietcong-hit and run, ambush tactics • move secretly in and out of general population • no big battles, no frontlines • booby traps, land mines • networks of tunnels, connects villages • Westmoreland plans a war of attrition-Body Count-of Vietnamese • The United States never lost a battle in Vietnam

  12. “Hearts and Minds” • US loses here as well • needed to win over the South Vietnamese • Communists can’t hide in the population if the people don’t like you • Reason the Americans don’t win this- • Tactics- • Americans harmed the population in looking for Vietcong-Napalm, Agent-Orange-search -and-destroy missions

  13. Sinking Morale • American morale dropped steadily throughout the war • alcohol and marijuana use to deal with low morale • led to some “fragging”-murder of superior officers-lobbed a fragment grenade(leaves no fingerprints) at an officer • morale worsens as government negotiates peace • the soldiers knew that the South wasn’t exactly on our side • still fought courageously • >soldiers refusing to go on patrol

  14. The War at Home • Johnson thought war would be over quickly • Great Society can’t be funded • Vietnam is called the “Living Room War” • footage on television contradicted what was being seen on TV-credibility gap • using body counts of Communists reported by Westmoreland-kept saying the war was about to be won

  15. Not a War for the Rich • Working class is fighting- • number of youth are protesting by 1967 • upper and middle class are able to go to college and other means to avoid the draft • most are drafted into service • all males have to register between 18 and 26 • thousands find way out-medical excuses, different qualifications for different boards-joined National Guard or Coast Guard • most common is college deferment • 80% of the soldiers in the war are working class

  16. African Americans and Women • Blacks-20% of American combat deaths-only 10% of the population • angered black leaders • MLK Jr- “cruel irony” • 1967-race riot in the army-Long Binh • 1969-black and white marines clashed upon returning to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina • 7500 women-non-combat roles-nurses

  17. Opposition • Growing youth movement- “The New Left” • Students for a Democratic Society-(SDS)-Tom Hayden>, Al Haber started in 1959-Michigan U • 1962-declared that corporations and large government institutions have taken over-Port Huron Statement • Free Speech Movement-(FSM)-Cal-Berkeley-American “machine”-business and government • FDU-marched in a general expression of discontent • a protest movement emerges

  18. The Protest Movement • April 1965-March on Washington 20,000 show • November, 30,000 show- • change deferment to good academic standing-SDS has 300 chapters by 1967 • reached others-returning veterans, musicians, • RESISTANCE-burnt draft cards-1967 in Central Park-1/2 million show • Nixon phases out the draft by 1970 • 200,000 as draft offenses, 4000 draft resisters, 10,000 flee to Canada • 75,000 show in Oct. of 1967 in Washington-tension to violence-1500 injured and 700 arrested

  19. Doves v. Hawks • 1967-still a majority for fighting the war • pro-war march in Manhattan drew 20,000 • 70% felt Anti-war movement “Acts of Disloyalty” • “Support our men in Vietnam” and “America-Love It or Leave it” • Johnson attacked by both

  20. 1968

  21. Tet Offensive • The Tet Offensive-January 30, 1968 • Tet is Chinese New Year (Lunar Calendar) • Surprise attack on numerous cities in the South at the same time • take advantage of week long truce • attacked-100 towns, 12 US air bases, US embassy in Saigon • funerals occurred during Tet-coffins filled with weapons • lasted nearly a month • US and South regain control • Westmoreland called it a complete defeat for the Communists • 32,000 Communist v. 3000 allied deaths • psychological victory favored The Communists

  22. The Nation turns on Johnson • After Tet-Johnson’s popularity plummeted • February 1968-60% disapprove of handling the war • before Tet Hawks 56% to Dove 28% • after-Hawks 40% Dove 40% • media openly criticize • Tet offensive changed millions of minds

  23. Election of 1968 • Johnson bows out>-Eugene McCarthy runs on withdrawing from war • Robert Kennedy joins to take on McCarthy by June • Robert Kennedy is shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan after winning the California primary

  24. Violence • Martin Luther King assassinated> on April 4 • Violence occurred in 100 cities in US • DC has 700 fires lit and soldiers in combat gear are called in to protect the capitol and White House • 46 dead, 3000 injured, 27,000 arrested • Bobby Kennedy assassinated> on June 4 • turmoil continued at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago • anti war demonstrators clashed with Chicago police-featuring a bloody riot, fractured Democratic Party • helped Republicans win

  25. Democratic National Convention • Mayor of Chicago-Richard J. Daley-”...there will be law and order” • August 28-protestors gather in downtown park-TV focussed-police move in and beat with nightsticks and spray with mace • turns into a full fledged battle on the streets of Chicago • inside-disorder also reigned-fight over anti-war platform led to shouting-riot word reaches the floor-shout at Daley, Daley shouts back • leaves the impression of a party who is not in control • Nixon wins the Republican nod • campaigns on law and order platform • wins easily

  26. Vietnamization • Nixon announces in 1969- • gradual withdrawal of US troops • South Vietnam would take responsibility for their own • 3 years- American troops dropped from 500,000 to less than 25,000 • “peace with honor”-Nixon secretly orders a massive bombing campaign of North Vietnam and supply routes • drops bombs on Laos and Cambodia • wanted N. Vietnam to think he was capable of anything • silent majority-moderate mainstream Americans who supported his policies

  27. The My Lai Massacre • New York Times reporter Seymour Hersh reported that on March 16, 1968-US platoon under the command of Lieutenant William Calley • entered the small village of My Lai in South Vietnam to search for Vietcong

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