Digital Object Architecture for Infant Formula Traceability

Combating Counterfeit and Substandard ICT Devices (Geneva, Switzerland, 17-18 November 2014) Digital Object Architecture-based Product Quality Safety Information Traceability System in Infant Formula Industry: Architecture, Advantages and Impacts Dr. Jian Zhou, Director of Informatization Research and Promotion Center, ETIRI, MIIT, China

Index • Background and Motivation • Technology • DOA and the Handle System • Traceability System • Design Ideas • Architecture • Workflow and Standardization • Advantages and Impacts • Conclusions and Recommendations

Background and Motivation • ICT technologies should and would play important roles in boosting competitiveness for traditional industries and enterprises • Collaboration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and traditional industries has the potential to satisfy practical requirements and bring benefits for those industries

Background and Motivation Hard to participate • Key Problem for Food Industry • Quality Safety • Many food quality safety accidents result in serious consequences • BSE (also known as mad cow disease) in Europe • Sudan red and melamine in China • Clostridium botulinum in New Zealand • Lack of management mechanism and necessary technical support Lack of Super-vision Hard to recall

Background and Motivation • Building the proper traceability systems that consist of technology applications, management improvements and legal supports is an important task for all countries. • The development of traceability system rely on the top-level design, government guidance, capability on informatization and management of enterprises, and public participation

Background and Motivation • Building a public food quality safety traceability platform is an urgent and essential task on hand Consumer Public Platform Front End System Front End System Front End System Front End System Front End System Front End System

Technology • The Handle System, including its namespace and architecture, is a general-purpose global name service • The Handle System was proposed by Dr. Robert E. Kahn in early 90’s • It is one of the key components of the Digital Object Architecture (DOA), which is a basic information infrastructure that can facilitate interoperability between systems

Technology • The Handle System manages handles, which are unique names for digital objects and network resources • Multiple Advantages of Handle • Example: Every handle consists of two parts: Handle Naming Authority / Local Name

Technology • Under the regulation and support of ITU, Digital Object Numbering Authority (DONA) is established and is responsible for Global Handle Registry (GHR), and authorizes a group of Multi-Primary Administrators (MPAs) • Each MPA will run a global root service separately, known as the Global Handle Service (GHS)

Technology • MPA China was established as one of the top-level management organization of the Handle System, with the headquarter located in the coalition of Electronic Technology Information Research Institute (ETIRI of MIIT), CDI and CHC, and is responsible for global root services operation and management

Technology • The Handle System has been selected by China as the core technique major national projects • ''National Food Quality Safety Traceability Platform'' • ''National Public Service Platform for IoT Identifier Management''

Traceability System • Aim • Use a practical and valid scheme in building the system on which the food industry and the state-of-the-art IoT technologies collaborate • Provide a convenient and authentic manner for the public to participate, saving cost for and bringing benefits to enterprises, and aiding governments in supervision and enforcement

Traceability System • Design Ideas • To build the public traceability system in an effective way, the following design ideas are introduced as the principles for implementation and promotion • 1) Conform to the national strategies and basic requirements of the construction of the Internet of Things • 2) Possess good openness and compatibility

Traceability System • Design Ideas • 3) Public platform construction with low cost, short period and notable effects • 4) Legal and convenient tracing of information, meet the requirements of consumers, enterprises and the government • 5) Secure and manageable system operation

Traceability System • Architecture • The architecture of the ''National Public Food Quality Safety Traceability Platform'' consists of five systems, provides services to multiple categories of users, and serves enterprises along the food industry chain.

Traceability System

Traceability System • Food Industry Chain • Enterprise Data Exchange System • Public Identifier Service System • Client Terminal Query System • Traceability Service Website • Security Authentication System

Traceability System • Food Industry Chain • All enterprises along the industry chain can serve as the data source by two kinds of operation: making the product coding conform to the Handle namespace, integrating the traceability data and make them ready to be exchanged

Traceability System • Food Industry Chain – Product Coding • Support alltypes of two-dimension code, including QR, DM, GM/CM, etc. • Support RFID YiLi’s Product(DM) Yashili’s Product(QR)

Traceability System • Enterprise Data Exchange System • Serves as the front end of the Handle System. It consists of two functions, data exchange and local storage. • We have developed the integrated equipment “the Handle System all-in-one server”, providing complete handle front-end functions.

Traceability System • Public Identifier Service System • Based on the Handle System services provided by National Public Service Platform for IoT Identifier Management. • Serves as the data transfer bridge between applications and data sources. • Implemented as a group of distributed high-performance servers.

Traceability System • Client Terminal Query System • Will provide multiple kinds of users convenient and various means to access the traceability data of the products, including Smart phone, social media tools, dedicated machine in retail stores, hand-hold query machine, etc.

Traceability System • Traceability Service Website • Serves as another entrance for users to access the traceability service

Traceability System • Security Authentication System • Carries out verification on the traceability data and user requirements. • Verifies the validity and uniqueness on the enterprises. • Prevents vicious queries and calculated attacks by authentication on the traceability request and user identity.

Traceability System • Work Flow of the System • Simple and efficient • The users initiate traceability requests, and the requests containing handles are transmitted to the public identifier service system for resolution • The enterprise data exchange system will get the requests, find the corresponding data that match the handles, and send them back to the users

Website Client Software Download Public Identifier Service System Resolution Query Allocation Product Info Enterprise Data Exchange System(Different Enterprise) Enterprise Level Information System Enterprise Data Exchange System … Consumption Info Data Upload 86.1000.12 Enterprise Info Public Food Quality Safety Traceability Platform

Traceability System • Standardization Issues • “Specification on product quality safety traceability system for infant formula industry” will be published in early 2015 as industrial standard in China • Standardization is necessary for directing enterprises to acquire the system’s service • The traceability information, technologies (product identifier, exchange interfaces, two-dimension codes, RFID, security, etc.)

Advantages and Impacts • Impacts: Implementation • The public traceability platform has been built by a technical group consisting of third-party research institutes and IT companies, led by ETIRI of MIIT, under the guidance of MIIT in 2013 and are put into practical use since June 14th 2014.

Advantages and Impacts • Impacts: Participation of enterprises • Six large infant formula enterprises have established connection with this public system, including Yili, the largest dairy manufacturer in China. • Until Oct 31th 2014, the number of registered handles for this application is over 80 million, and the number of traceability information items is 31.

Advantages and Impacts • Advantages: Overview • The public platform poses several positive social impacts on subjects participating in its establishment and application. • These subjects’ participation and contribution will indeed boost the system’s effectiveness, and potentially they can all benefit from the platform’s operation from different perspectives.

Advantages and Impacts • Advantages: Consumers/ the Public • It provides a convenient and authentic manner to participate in the supervision of and being informed about the product • Potentially boost consumer confidence • It has higher credibility on both the provided information and the joined enterprises/product than enterprise-level traceability system

Advantages and Impacts • Advantages: Enterprises • Duplicate construction will be avoided • It supports information integration along the industry chain, avoiding major inputs for enterprises • Moreover, the system is able to assist combating counterfeit, anti-fleeing, and brand promotion(aided by dynamic info) • Helpful to promote the informatizational integrated management level, develop-ment manner and competitiveness

Advantages and Impacts • Advantages: Government • Information classification and regulation of food quality could be achieved • Aids the government in supervision and enforcement on the enterprises • Emergency measures concerning foodborne disease or recalling due to quality defects could be aided, acquiring integrated information and diagnosing the problematic segment on the industry chain in an effective way

Conclusions and Recommendations • A DOA-based product quality safety traceability system supporting traceability along the industry chain is introduced • The system has high credibility, can aid combating counterfeit and the government's supervision • Similar architectures could be applied in different industries and scenarios • Collaboration of ICT technologies and traditional industries could result in competitiveness improvements

References • [1] H. LeHong and J. Fenn, “Hype cycle for emerging technologies, 2013,” Gartner Tech Report, Aug 2013. • [2] D. Harris, Mad cow disease and related spongiform encephalopathies. New York:Springer- verlag Berlin Heidelberg press, 2004. • [3] E. Domingo, A. Tirelli, C. Nunes, M. Guerreiro and S. Pinto, “Melamine detection in milk using vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics analysis: A review,” Food Research International, vol. 60, pp. 131-139, June 2014. • [4] “Fonterra relieved about ‘all clear’ from clostridium botulinum”, media release by Fonterra Communications, Aug 2013. • [5] S.Sun, L. Lannom and B. Boesch, “Handle System Overview”, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3650.txt, Nov 2003. • [6] S.Sun, S. Reily and L. Lannom, “Handle System Namespace and Service Definition”, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3651.txt, Nov 2003. • [7] S.Sun, S. Reily, L. Lannom and J. Petrone, “Handle System Protocol (ver 2.1) Specification”, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3652.txt, Nov 2003. • [8] www.dona.net. • [9] www.cndona.cn.

Combating Counterfeit and Substandard ICT Devices (Geneva, Switzerland, 17-18 November 2014) Thanks for your attention! Dr. Jian Zhou, Director of Informatization Research and Promotion Center, ETIRI, MIIT, China Email: zhoujian@cspiii.com Website: www.cspiii.com WeChat Public Service Account:

Digital Object Architecture for Infant Formula Traceability