Invention and Innovation Unit #4

1. Invention and InnovationUnit #4 Mrs. Mattson Carl Ben Eielson Middle School ETP 2006—Tanya Mattson This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0402616. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation (NSF).

2. Unit #4 – Engineering Design Information for this presentation was taken from the CATTS curriculum Unit #1 and Valley City State University Unit #1 readings, unless otherwise noted.

3. Engineering • The formalized process through which technology comes about. • The profession devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life. (encyclopedia.com)

4. Technological Literacy Briefly defined as the ability to use, manage, assess and understand technology.

5. Engineering Design • Design involves a set of steps, which can be performed in different sequences and repeated as needed. • Each design problem is unique and may require different procedures or demand that the steps be performed in a different sequence.

6. Engineers and designers also have their preferences and problem-solving styles and may choose to approach the design process in different ways.

7. Engineering Method • Identify the problem. • Define or “refine” the problem. • Gather information • Develop alternate solutions • Select and refine the best solution • Express the design solution • Build a model or prototype of the solution • Evaluate, revise, and refine the solution • Communicate the solution

8. Engineering Design Engineering design is a multi-step process that is often referred to as the conceptual design process.

9. Conceptual Design • An emphasis on engineering science including math, physics, and chemistry. • The multi-step process. • This multi step process involves modeling, testing, evaluating, and modifying to develop practical solutions.

10. The generation of a concept. • Concept: • A general idea derived or inferred from specific instances or occurrences. • Something formed in the mind; a thought or notion; an idea. • A scheme; a plan.

11. Analytical Design • The increased emphasis on mathematics in the design process. • Skill with many of these mathematical and modeling tools can sometimes eliminate the need for laborious and expensive prototyping exercises which are often trial and error. • Analyze: To examine methodically by step

12. Analytic design does not replace conceptual design; it merely emphasizes use of mathematical modeling over physical modeling and prototyping. It may also de-emphasize other steps in the process.

13. Who are Engineers? • They are practical people • They admire great problem solvers like Edison • They see themselves as the problem solvers for human kind • They are motivated by the same factors as ordinary people • Cars, bonuses, raises, etc.

14. Engineers are obsessed with efficiency • Technically, efficiency is output divided by input • Engineers are also driven to create labor saving systems. • They often get so absorbed in their work that they can fail to carefully examine the social aspects of their work.

15. Engineers are the “movers and shakers” in our society. • They are the people responsible for technological advancement.

16. What is Engineering? Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man. (Ferguson, 1994, p.1)

17. The engineering method is the use of heuristics to cause the best change in a poorly understood situation within the available resources. (Smith, 2004, p. 70)

18. What is a heuristic? • Anything that provides a plausible aid or direction in the solution of a problem. • It is unjustified, incapable of justification, and fallible. • It is used to guide, discover, and to reveal.

19. Problem Solving Vs. Engineering Design • In Engineering Design, a multi-step process is evident. • Technological problem solving is something we all do everyday, from getting our car started to getting a driver installed on our computer.

20. Brainstorming • Is a group problem solving design process in which each person in the group presents his or her ideas in an open forum. • No person is allowed to criticize anyone else’s ideas regardless of how inane they may seem. • After all the ideas are recorded, the group selects the best ones, and then further develops them.

21. Modeling, testing, evaluating, and modifying are used to transform ideas into practical solutions. • Historically, this process has centered on creating and testing physical models. • Models are especially important for the design of large items, such as cars, spacecraft, and airplanes because it is cheaper to analyze a model before the final products and systems are actually made.

22. Types of Engineering • Biomedical Engineering • Chemical Engineering • Civil Engineering • Electrical Engineering • Computer Engineering/Computer Science • Mechanical Engineering

23. Standards and Benchmarks: • 9: Students will develop an understanding of engineering design. • 9F: Design involves a set of steps, which can be performed in different sequences and repeated as necessary. • 9G: Brainstorming is a group problem-solving design process in which each person in the group presents his or her ideas in open forum.