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Evolvement of US Urban System: Part II

Evolvement of US Urban System: Part II. Geo309 Urban Geography. Instructor: Jun Yan Geography Department SUNY at Buffalo. Last Week. Expansion & Realignment (1840-1875) : From trade to embryonic industrial system Market : gradually nationalized regional economies

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Evolvement of US Urban System: Part II

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  1. Evolvement of US Urban System: Part II Geo309 Urban Geography Instructor: Jun Yan Geography Department SUNY at Buffalo

  2. Last Week • Expansion & Realignment (1840-1875): From trade to embryonic industrial system • Market: gradually nationalized regional economies • Transportation: river boats vs railroads • Principle of urban growth: • Initial advantages, agglomeration economies, localization economies • Urban hierarchy: • Rank-Size-Rule: the overall relationship • Innovation diffusion: bigger cities have more stable growth rate • Central Place Theory: size and spacing of cities

  3. Outline • The Organization of Industry (1875-1920)

  4. The Organization Of Industry (1875-1920) • Westward railroad expansion: • striking speed • Urban growth along major railroads: Birmingham, Houston, Memphis, Jacksonville, Charleston, Savannah… • Dictated by railroad company • Demographically: immigration • 1890-1910, > 12 million • 1/3 of the nation’s growth • 1921 Immigration Act: a ceiling of 250,000 per yr • 1924 Immigration Act: a ceiling of 150,000 per yr • Number of cities and towns in US doubled between 1870 and 1920

  5. Rail Road Expansion 1860 1890 1860: 30,000 miles 1880: 70,000 miles 1890: 163,579 miles

  6. Immigration

  7. The Organization Of Industry (1875-1920) • Urban centers solidified: Manufacturing Belt • Age of Enterprise: from family-own business to enterprise • Specialization at National level: • Comparative advantage: textile in Philadelphia, steel in Pittsburgh, furniture in Cincinnati…. • Increased commodity flows within Manufacturing Belt • Thus a closely integrated Manufacturing Belt (expansion halts) • Initial advantage at regional level • Cites in periphery grow slower and rarely attract manufacturers of mass-production goods for national market

  8. Manufacturing Belt

  9. Manufacturing Belt

  10. The Organization Of Industry (1875-1920) • ‘A National System of Cities’ Top 20 cities

  11. The Organization Of Industry (1875-1920) • Uneven urban development: • Manufacturing Belt – ‘Core’: highly urbanized, highly industrialized, relative affluent • The rest country-’Periphery’: the rest of the country

  12. Uneven Urban Development

  13. Uneven Urban Development: Megalopolis

  14. Uneven Urban Development: Megalopolis Population Density 2000

  15. Uneven Urban Development: Explanation • Initial advantage • Physical conditions: • Power site • Mining • Transportation • Heavy manufacturing • Agglomeration economies • Localization economies • Put them together, we have an uneven self-propelling growth process

  16. Self-Propelling Growth Process • Primary multiplier effect: • Within the linked industries • Backward linkages: supply inputs-materials, services • Forward linkages: new firmuse other’s products as its own input for assembly, finishing, packaging, distribution…; attract ancillary industries, e.g. maintenance, repair, security… • Skilled labor: attractive to new firms • R&D: new innovations • Secondary multiplier effect: • Additional growing jobs: to sustain the needs of the growing population, e.g. housing, utility, retail… • Expansion of Local tax base: improved urban infrastructures and service • Thus a cumulative causation

  17. Self-Propelling Growth Process

  18. Modification to Self-Propelling Growth Process • Why cities in periphery can still grow? • Spread/Trickle-down effects: provide service for the ‘core’, e.g. agricultural machinery • Import substitution: innovation diffusion; local business for local market; copycat

  19. Modification to Self-Propelling Growth Process • Why cities can’t grow indefinitely? • After urban growth research to certain point • Agglomeration DIS-economies: higher land price, higher taxes, crowdedness, traffic congestion, crime, pollution… • A special case of negative externality

  20. Modification to Self-Propelling Growth Process • New technology may not tie to existing industries: • Recall Kondratiev Cycles: dynamics of capitalism • New‘Windows of Locational Opportunity’ for periphery cities  new cycles of cumulative causation • Existing core cities react slower • May cause ‘Creative Destruction’: De-investmentDe-industrialization De-urbanization • ‘See-Saw’ phenomenon: “Strives to move from developed to underdeveloped space, then back to developed space which, because of its interim deprivation of capital, is now underdeveloped, and so on.”

  21. Next Class • Automobile Era and the Great Depression (1920-1945) • Spatial Decentralization and Metropolitan Consolidation (1945-1972) • Reading: chp 3. pp 42~51

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