Organic Chemistry - introduction 1 -

1. Organic Chemistry- introduction 1- Vladimíra Kvasnicová

2. inorganic mater oxygen (O) 50% silicon (Si) 25% aluminium (Al) 7% iron (Fe) 5% calcium (Ca) 3% 90% sodium (Na) potassium (K) magnesium (Mg) hydrogen (H) titanium (Ti) (0,6%) organic mater „compounds of carbon“ C, O, H, N carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) sulfur (S) Composition of Matter

3. Organic compounds • „compounds of carbon“ • hydrocarbon skeleton: C, H (linear / branched / cyclic) • saturated: CH3-(CH2)n-CH3 • unsaturated: -CH=CH- or –C=C- • heteroatoms:O, N, S, halogens • heterocyclic compounds • hydrocarbon derivatives(in functional groups) • aliphatic or aromatic compounds

4. Valence of elements in organic compounds • CARBON always tetravalent • NITROGEN trivalent • OXYGEN bivalent • SULPHUR bivalent • HYDROGEN monovalent • HALOGENS monovalent

5. Types of bonds: 1) single (-ane) saturated hydrocarbons 2) double (-ene) or triple (-yne) unsaturated hydrocarbons 3) conjugated (planar cycle: arenes)

6. Shape of molecules σ-bond C-C π-bond C=C C≡C Alkanes • hybridization sp3 – tetrahedralshape (4  bonds) ethane

7. Alkenes • hybridization sp2 – trigon (3  and 1 ) Alkynes • hybridization sp – linear (2  and 2 ) ethene ethyne

8. Number of carbons/ number of multiple bonds or substituents

9. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CH3 CH2=CH2 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-C=CH CH3-(CH2)10-CH3 butane pent-2-ene ethene hex-1-yne dodecane Exercise- add names of the compounds:

10. Hydrocarbon rests (alkyls, R) CH4→ CH3-→ -CH2- methane methyl methylene CH3-CH3→ CH3-CH2-→-CH2-CH2- ethane ethyl ethylene CH2=CH2→ CH2=CH- → -CH=CH- ethene vinyl vinylene („ethylene“) (ethenyl)

11. Naming hydrocarbons • find the longest linear chain: it is called „parent hydrocarbon chain“ • if multiple bonds are present they must be included in the parent chain • call the parent chain using related prefix to express number of carbons and a suffix to express the type of the hydrocarbon • order substituents alphabetically • number the parent chain from its end which gives the lovest locants to multiple bonds and to substituents (multiple bond takes precedence)

12. Naming hydrocarbons locant-substituent-prefix-locant of multiplebond-suffix CH3-CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH=CH-C(CH3)2-CH3 call the compound: ......................................

13. Naming hydrocarbons locant-substituent-prefix-locant of multiplebond-suffix CH3-CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH=CH-C(CH3)2-CH3 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloct-3-ene other substituents than alkyls: F = fluoro, Cl = chloro, Br = bromo, I = iodo NO2 = nitro

14. your HOMEWORK: Number of carbons/ number of multiple bonds or substituents