Division of Germany

1. Division of Germany • As Determined at the Yalta Conference, Germany and Berlin were divided into 4 zones (despite Berlin being located in the USSR zone). • Each zone was controlled by one of the Allies: • USA • Great Britain • France • USSR

2. The Division of Germany • Western powers (USA, GB, France) joined their zones together to form the Federal German Republic. (West Germany/BIZONIA) • Russians responded by turning their zone into the German Democratic Republic. (East Germany) • West Germany prospered under the Marshall Plan.

3. Berlin Blockade (1948) • Stalin was convinced this was a capitalist plot to eventually reunite Germany. In 1948 the USSR blocked all land routes into the western sector of Berlin. • The Soviet’s aim was to prevent the west from sending supplies to West Berlin causing West Berlin to fall under Soviet control.

4. BERLIN AIRLIFT • Allies did not want to use force • USA, Great Britain, & France fly into West Berlin and drop supplies from airplanes. • 13, 000 tonnes / day • One plane every 3 minutes • Airlift lasts one year • Stalin couldn’t shoot planes down and reopens Berlin to the Allies. • USSR needed atomic bomb to stand up to US.

5. Consequences of Blockade • To the Allies the blockade was proof of USSR intention to take over Western Europe. • Allies create NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • Stalin sees NATO as threat and creates Warsaw Pact (1955)

6. Deterrence • As a method of war—a Cold War, rather than a “hot war” of troops and battles—deterrence is a method of building up one’s capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes • The term for this situation of an unwinnable, nuclear war is Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)

7. US develops H-Bomb Dwight D. Eisenhower January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 • In 1952 America developed an even stronger nuclear weapon called the H-Bomb. Soviet technology however followed suit and had one by 1953.

8. De-Stalinization Nikita KhrushchevSeptember 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964 • After Stalin died in March 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev believed that with or without war communism would spread and started an era of De−Stalinization. This spelled an end to the role of large-scale forced labor in the economy, and was a major act promoting less tension.

9. Khrushchev calls for “peaceful co-existence” Cause: Khrushchev was the new leader, he won the power and carried out his policy of “de-stalinization” 1956 Feb: At 20th Party Congress, Khrushchev calls for peaceful coexistence with capitalism; admits possibility of different paths to socialism, revolution without violence; abandons doctrine of the inevitability of war Khrushchev expresses that capitalism will eventually bring itself to ruin; thus waging a war against capitalism was pointless. Consequence: the east and west, temporarily, had better relations

10. Hungarian Revolt (1956) • The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the Communist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from October 23 until November 10, 1956. It began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building. While they achieved some prisoner releases, they did not achieve a Soviet withdrawal. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union

11. NON-ALIGNMENT • Non-alignment: position taken during the Cold War by those countries that did not form an alliance with either the USA nor the USSR. They pushed for more aid for the developing world. • Many countries wanted to choose their own ideologies and resented a history of colonization • At the Bandung Conference, held in Java, Indonesia, in 1955, 29 African and Asian countries met to promote economic and cultural cooperation • This was the beginning of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM); Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Ghana, Egypt, India, and Indonesia officially began NAM in 1961 • However, these countries were unsuccessful in trying to use their membership in the United Nations challenge the hegemony of the USA and USSR

12. Sputnik • On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launched the very first satellite into space. This was huge at this time because not only did this prove the Soviets were winning the space race but had the upper hand on technology for warfare. • The fear in the USA was that Soviet spy capabilities had been increased, and the Soviet Union would be able to pinpoint missiles anywhere.

13. U-2 crisis (May 1, 1960) • The U–2 Crisis of 1960 occurred when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane, but was forced to admit it when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to corroborate their claim of being spied on aerially. • The Paris Summit (The East-West Summit), intended to be a diplomatic meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev, was cancelled. • The incident worsened East–West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.

14. John F. Kennedy January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963

15. Brinkmanship • Brinkmanship is the attempt to push a dangerous situation to the edge, to the brink—as far as possible without conceding anything to your opponent • The Cuban Missile Crisis was the best example of this during the Cold War

16. Cuba • 145 km of the US coast. • 1959 Communist Revolution in Cuba led by Fidel Castro. • USA is very wary of Cuba’s new communist government and growing ties with the USSR. • A brief trade battle ensued.

17. Cuba cont…. • Cuba nationalized all industry in Cuba. • All US business and interests in Cuba were lost. • US claimed they were stolen by Cuban govt. despite Cuba’s offer of compensation • US president Eisenhower agreed to help Cubans wishing to overthrow Castro. • In January, 1961 John F. Kennedy takes over as President and continues this promise.

18. BAY OF PIGS • April 1961, 1400 anti-Castro Cubans landed at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba to try and overthrow Castro. • Castro was ready with troops and artillery and stopped the threat. • HUGE American embarrassment

19. Bay of Pigs cont…. • Castro scared that Kennedy would help other rebellions asked Khrushchev for help, and Khrushchev sends weapons to Castro. • Kennedy worried about events keeps a close eye on Cuba.

20. The Berlin Wall • Many people living in East Germany were not as well off as West Germans and escaped into West Germany. • By July, 1961 approximately 10 000 East Germans were leaving per week. • 3 000 000 people had fled since 1945. • On August 12th, 1961, East German troops locked down the boarder between East Germany and West Berlin, essentially surrounding the city. • A second fence was later built inside East Germany, creating a no-mans land between the two barriers known as “The Death Strip”

22. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

23. The Cuban Missile Crisis • Americans discovered Russian missile bases being built in 1962. • President Kennedy ordered an American blockade (quarantine) of Cuba to stop Russian ships from carrying missiles into Cuba. • Kennedy then ordered Khrushchev to dismantle the missile bases immediately. • Any attack from Cuba would be treated as a direct attack on the USA by USSR and ordered 156 long range missiles aimed at the USSR to be ready to fire.

24. The Cuban Missile Crisis • On October 29, 1961 4 days after the blockade began Khrushchev “blinked first” and ordered the dismantling of all missile bases in Cuba. • President Kennedy called off the blockade and promised to leave Cuba alone.

25. During the Crisis, US president John F. Kennedy scribbled notes about the conflict.

26. This map was created by the CIA to show missile ranges and was used in secret meeting during the Cuban Missile Crisis

27. DETENTE “A Change in Superpower Relations”

28. DETENTE “A Change in Superpower Relations” • Because the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the two superpowers to the brink of war, some steps were taken to reduce the tension between the two nations. The period of reduced tensions, from the late 1960s to 1979 (when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan), was called détente Khrushchev

29. Reasons for Detente • Both sides realized how dangerous the situation had become. • US fighting in Vietnam - needed to slow Arms Race to reduce burden on economy. • USSR concerned about Communist China. • Both sides wanted to reduce economic expenditure.

30. Lyndon B. Johnson November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969 Leonid BrezhnevOctober 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982

31. The following timeline illustrates aspects of détente between the USA and the USSR: • 1963: Hot-line between the White House and the Kremlin is established; Nuclear Test Ban Treaty restricting nuclear tests to underground explosions • 1969: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) begin • 1972: Richard Nixon, first USA president to visit the Soviet Union • 1973: Leonid Brezhnev, USSR leader, visits Washington • 1975: Helsinki Agreement — USA, USSR, Canada and Eastern and Western European powers agree to European frontiers set up after World War Two and to work at protecting human rights

32. Gerald Ford August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 Richard Nixon January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 George Bush January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 Jimmy Carter January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 Ronald Reagan January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989

33. AndropovNovember 12, 1982 - February 9, 1984 ChernenkoFebruary 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985

34. Proxy Wars and Liberation Movements • The US and USSR never did descend into a direct “hot war” but they did have what are called proxy wars, substitute wars in which one super power might fight in another land or provide support • …in the postwar recovery years were opportunities for the superpowers to advance their interests in regions around the world. Each side was willing to provide economic or military support to a side that was sympathetic to its ideology

35. Soviet Union invades Afghanistan The Soviet war in Afghanistan also known as the Soviet-Afghan War was a nine-year conflict involving Soviet forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government against the largely Islamic fundamentalist Mujahideen insurgents. The initial Soviet deployment of the 40th Army in Afghanistan began on December 25, 1979. The final troop withdrawal began on May 15, 1988, and ended on February 15, 1989. Here we can see The Soviets trying to start a new domino line

36. Red Scare! • In September 1945, a cipher clerk named Igor Gouzenko from the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa defected • He carried with him files that described, in detail, the extent of Soviet spying in North America • The Gouzenko affair caused tremendous consternation in the United States and Canada • His defection led to a significant number of charges against Canadians and Americans for spying on their own country • Many felt that the Soviet spying extended even deeper, into the heart of government Igor Gouzenko

37. An American Senator (Joe McCarthy) was so convinced that Soviet spies were everywhere that he began a hunt for suspected spies and collaborators 1947 Comic Book Part of the scare

38. Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in the S.U. He inherits a country where: • Living conditions for the average Soviet did not match those of people in the West. • For too long the Soviets devoted spending money on the arms race, underfunding other important government programs. GorbachevMarch 11, 1985 - December 25, 1991

39. The Fall of Communism Gorbachev introduces two new political policies that encourage political discussion and new communication with the west. • Peristroika: economic restructuring • Glasnost: political openness People in Soviet satellite countries see this as a relaxing of Soviet grip on their countries. One by one they begin to replace their Soviet backed governments and replace them with democratically elected ones. The Soviet Union’s empire begins to crumble…

40. Germany is Re-united The collapse of the Iron Curtain was in 1989 and was symbolized by the opening of the Berlin wall on the 9th of November, 1989. The dismantling of the Soviet Union in December 1991 followed this event. On October 3, 1990 Germany was reunited and the areas controlled by American, Soviet, French, and British forces were left in the hands of a new Germany. This unfortunately hit the German economy hard but Germany did and still is recovering.

41. Warsaw Pact dissolves March 31, 1991 The Warsaw Pact crumbled for a number of reasons, serving as a prop for the unpopular Communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The treaties became increasingly obsolete once non-Communists came to power and although Soviet authorities showed some tenacity in insisting on maintaining the treaty, it was clear that the greatest hostilities animating the organization were internal.

42. Soviet Union ceases to exist Russia declares independence Dec 25, 1991 Gorbachev announces his resignation and the Soviet Union ceases to exist under international law