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Emerging ideas. Formal Models & Network mechanisms. Formal network mechanisms. Agent-based models Experiments Diffusion mechanisms (Pipes) Network size Location of first movers Prism” mechanisms Power, rationality Centrality may also shape situations Not much explored.
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Emerging ideas Formal Models & Network mechanisms
Formal network mechanisms • Agent-based models • Experiments • Diffusion mechanisms (Pipes) • Network size • Location of first movers • Prism” mechanisms • Power, rationality • Centrality may also shape situations • Not much explored
Conditional Choice (from Rolfe 2009) Conditional Decision Rules
Conditional Decision-making:Impact of Network Size on Diffusion Simulated turnout with 15% unconditional cooperation
What to Measure? • Networks as Pipes • Location of positions, resources, mobilization, innovation, etc. • Rate/form of spread • Average degree • Clustering/density • Centralization • Redundant Ties • Social Cleavages • Network as Prisms • Relational style • Underinvestment • Overinvestment • Local strategy • structural holes • brokerage • Status
Emerging ideas Measuring Network Size: Social Circles and scale UP
Which Network to Measure? • Specific Transaction (i.e., discuss politics) • Social Circles (Dunbar) • 3-5 (core/family) • 12-20 (extended family/band) • 100-250 (lineage/Christmas Card List) • 1000s (Tribe)
Extended Friendship Network Circle Please think for a moment about your extended network of friends and family. These are people whom you see on a fairly regular basis, or did see regularly in the past. These may be people on your list for holiday or birthday cards, or people you would be likely to invite to a large party or wedding. Neighbours, co-workers, former schoolmates and people you met through social, political or religious activities may fall into this social circle. ...about how many people do you have in this social circle? Even if you are not sure, please take your best guess. • 1 to 25 or open-ended • 26 to 50 • 51 to 75 (and so on)
Extended friendship Circle, cont. ...about how many have the following first or given names. Even if you are not at all sure, please take your best guess Katharina Anne Eva Martin Paul Marc/Mark Robert • Patrick • Gregory • Shaun • Rachael • Julia • Heather
Network Structure Measure: Network Size • Self-estimated size • How many people do you know? • Scale-up estimates • Killworth, et al. 1988 • McCormick, Salganik and Zheng (2010) • Carefully pick names (.1% of population, equal across generations)
Network Structure Measure: Personal Network Density • Is good friends with someone else on this list (Political Discussion) • Burt 1984 • What proportion are family members? • Sum of unique categories named from the “How many X do you know?” (may also proxy size)
Network Structure Measure: Overdispersion and cleavages • How many people do you know…[in prison] Zheng, Salganik, Gelman (2006) examples from CCAP • Cleavages and network size Rolfe, 2012
Network Structure Measure: Social Capital Access & Social Cleavages ...about how many fall into the following categories. Even if you are not at all sure, please take your best guess. Professional writer, artist Unemployed Retired Drives a company car 1 2-3 4-5 6-10 11 or more • None • Politicians • Leaders in neighborhood • Business owners or Self Employed • Corporate Executives • Managers • Professionals • Barkeeps • Schoolteachers
Proportion of Rs Knowing No Xs, by Social Circle (UK) A gender gap in ACCESS to power?
CLEAVAGES: Network size isn’t an individual level mechanism…
Emerging ideas Measuring Networks as PRisms
What to Measure? • Networks as Pipes • Location of positions, resources, mobilization, innovation, etc. • Rate/form of spread • Average degree • Clustering/density • Centralization • Redundant Ties • Social Cleavages • Network as Prisms • Relational style • Underinvestment • Overinvestment • Relational strategy • Structural holes • Brokerage • Status
Relational Style/Strategy 1 Imagine your were hosting a party, and planned to invite friends from different parts of your life (e.g., work, school, social groups, neighborhood, etc.) • Would you find it appealing • Would they already know each other • Would they mix and mingle
Relational Style/Strategy II Are you more comfortable interacting one-on-one or in a group? When there is a conflict between your friends, are you more likely to.. • pick sides • mediate • stay out of it
Relational Style & Partisanship • Under-investors are more conservative; over-investors are more liberal (preliminary findings) • See Jackson on networks and beliefs about whether friendships are complements or substitutes • Under/Over Investment • Relational Style 1 & 2 • Number of activities/groups • Personal network size • Political Outcomes • Left-right • party choice • issue attitudes
Emerging ideas Eliciting Network Attitudes: Issue or “Identity” Space Placements
Emerging ideas Networks and Opinion Instability
Emerging ideas Political Belief Systems:Relational Class Analysis
Measuring Political Belief SystemsGoldberg and Baldassarri “a configuration of ideas and attitudes in which the elements are bound together by some form of constraint or functional interdependence" (Converse 1964, 207) • Empirical analyses based on individual attitudes, summary indices, or dyadic interdependence. • Studies assume the existence of a singular system of • interconnected beliefs (i.e., liberal-conservative polarity). • Results: A large majority of citizens exhibit limited levels of constraint and coherence in the overall organization of their political beliefs (Converse 1964; Campell et al. 1960; Luskin 1987; DelliCarpini, Keeter1991; Popkin, Dimoch 1999).
RCA – Relational Class Analysis • RCA Identifies political belief networks that are most common across the population. • RCA classifies individuals into groups according to their organization of beliefs. • RCA avoids a priori assumptions about how political beliefs are organized: • belief networks emerge from pattern of responses • it allows to identify multiple political belief systems along which sociodemographic and cognitive characteristics the population should be partitioned.
